Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Published:

The emergence of a new chlorophytan system, and Dr. Kornmann's contribution thereto

Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen volume 42, pages 339–383 (1988)Cite this article

Abstract

In traditional chlorophytan systems the organizational level was the primary character for the distinction of main groups (classes and orders). For instance, in Fott (1971), the flagellate level corresponds with the Volvocales, the coccoid level with the Chlorococcales, the filamentous level with the Ulotrichales, the siphonocladous level with the Siphonocladales, and the siphonous level with the Bryopsidales. The new system presented here is an elaboration and emendation of recently proposed taxonomies and their underlying phylogenetic hypotheses, and it is mainly based on ultrastructural features which have become available over the last 15 years. The following criteria are used for the distinction of classes and orders: (1) architecture of the flagellate cell (flagellate cells are considered as the depositories of primitive characters); (2) type of mitosis-cytokinesis; (3) place of meiosis in the life history and, consequently, the sexual life history type; (4) organizational level and thallus architecture; (5) habitat type (marine versus feshwater and terrestrial); (6) chloroplast type. The following classes are presented: Prasinophyceae, Chlamydophyceae, Ulvophyceae (orders Codiolales, Ulvales, Cladophorales, Bryopsidales, Dasycladales), Pleurastrophyceae (?), Chlorophyceae s.s. (orders Cylindrocapsales, Oedogoniales, Chaetophorales), Zygnematophyceae, Trentepohliophyceae, Charophyceae (orders Klebsormidiales, Coleochaetales, Charales). The new system no longer reflects the traditional hypothesis of a stepwise evolutionary progression of organizational levels in which the flagellate level represents the most primitive lineage, the coccoid and sarcinoid levels lineages of intermediate derivation, and the filamentous, siphonocladous and siphonous levels the most derived lineages. Instead, it is now hypothesized that these levels have arisen over and over again in different chlorophytan lineages which are primarily characterized by their type of flagellate cell. The flagellate green algal classes Prasinophyceae (with organic body scales) and Chlamydophyceae probably represent bundles of highly conservative lineages that diverged very long ago. Consequently, extant genera and species in these classes can be expected to have emerged long ago. Fossil evidence points to a minimum age of 600 Ma of certain extant Prasinophycean genera, and molecular evidence to a minimum age of 400–500 Ma of a fewChlamydomonas species. On the contrary, the most derived “green algal” lineage, the Angiosperms, can be expected to consist of, on average, much younger genera and species. Fossil evidence points to a minimum age of genera of 5–60 Ma. Lineages of intermediate evolutionary derivation (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Charophyceae) can be expected to encompass genera and species of intermediate age. Fossil and (limited) molecular evidence point to a minimum age of 230–70 Ma of extant genera in Bryopsidales, Dasycladales and Cladophorales (Ulvophyceae) and of 250–80 Ma of extant genera in Charales (Charophyceae).

Literature Cited

  • Ayala, F. J., 1986. On the virtues and pitfalls of the molecular evolutionary clock. — Heredity,77, 226–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, M. E. & Lokhorst, G. M., 1985. The ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of the zoospore ofChaetomorpha melagonium (Web. & Mohr) Kützing (Chlorophyta). — Phycologia,24, 275–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, S. B. & Cattolico, R. A., 1981. Mitosis and cytokinesis in the Prasinophyceae. I.Mantoniella squamata (Manton & Parke) Desikachary. — Am. J. Bot.68, 606–615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassoulet, J. P., Bernier, P., Conrad, M. A., Deloffre, R. & Jaffrezo, M., 1978. Les algues dasycladales du Jurassique et du Crétacée. — Geobios. Mém. Spécial2, 1–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belford, H. S. & Thompson, W. F., 1981. Single copy DNA homologies inAtriplex. II. Hybrid thermal stabilites and molecular phylogeny. — Heredity46, 109–122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, F., 1990. The primitive algae and the Flagellata. — Ann. Bot.14, 647–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boalch, G. T. & Parke, M., 1971. The prasinophycean genera (Chlorophyta) possibly related to fossil genera, in particular the genusTasmanites. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Plankton Conference. Roma 1970. Ed. by A. Farinacci. 99–105.

  • Bold, H. C. & Wynne, M. J., 1985. Introduction to the algae. Structure and reproduction. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 720 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bold, H. C., Alexopoulos, C. J. & Delevoryas, T., 1987. Morphology of plants and fungi. Harper & Row, New York, 912 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. R., Massalski, A. & Patenande, R., 1976. Organization of the flagellar apparatus and associated cytoplasmic microtubules in the quadriflagellate alga,Polytomella agillis. — J. Cell Biol.69, 106–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchheim, M. A. & Hoffmann, L. R., 1986. Ultrastructure of male gametes ofSphaeroplea robusta (Chlorophyceae). — J. Phycol.22, 176–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burr, F. & West, J. A., 1970. Light and electron microscope observations on the vegetative and reproductive structures ofBryopsis hypnoides. — Phycologia9, 17–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L., 1981. Ultrastructure ofCephaleuros virescens (Chroolepidaceae; Chlorophyta). III. Zoospores. — Am. J. Bot.68, 544–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L., 1984. An assessment of the current state of our knowledge of the Trentepohliaceae. In: Systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 233–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L. & Good, B. H., 1978. Ultrastructure of plasmodesmata and cross-walls inCephaleuros, Phycopeltis andTrentepohlia (Chroolepidaceae; Chlorophyta). — Br. phycol. J.13, 241–246.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L. & Henk, M. C., 1983. Ultrastructure ofCephaleuros virescens (Chroolepidaceae; Chlorophyta). IV. Absolute configuration analysis of the cruciate flagellar apparatus and multilayered structures in the pre-and post-release gametes. — Am. J. Bot.70, 1340–1355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L. & Henk, M. C., 1985. Observations on the habit, morphology and ultrastructure ofCephaleuros parasiticus (Chlorophyta) and a comparison withC. virescens. — J. Phycol.21, 513–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, R. L. & Henk, M. C., 1986. Phragmoplasts in cytokinesis ofCephaleuros parasiticus (Chlorophyta) vegetative cells. — J. Phycol.22, 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chappell, D. F. & Floyd, G. L., 1981. Cell division in the weakly filamentousRaphidonema sessile (= raphidonemopsis sessilis) (Chlorophyta). — Trans. Am. microsc. Soc.100 74–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chardard, R., 1987. L'infrastructure du plasmalemme deDunaliella bioculata (algue verte). Mise en évidence d'un cell-coat; essai de localisation des charges négatives. — Crypt. Algol.8, 173–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colbath, G. K., 1983. Fossil prasinophycean phycomata (Chlorophyta) from the Silurian Bainbridge formation, Missouri, U.S.A. — Phycologia22, 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deason, T. R., 1984. A discussion of the classes Chlamydophyceae and Chlorophyceae and their subordinate taxa. — Pl. Syst. Evol.146, 75–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deason, T. R. & Floyd, G. L., 1987. Comparative ultrastructure of three species ofChlorosarcina (Chlorosarcinaceae, Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.23, 187–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, R. & Schnetter, R., 1984. Failure of karyogamy after gamete mating inDerbesia tenuissima. — Naturwissenschaften71, 640–641.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eckhardt, R., Schnetter, R. & Seibold, G., 1986. Nuclear behaviour during the life cycle ofDerbesia (Chlorophyceae). — Br. phycol. J.21, 287–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, G. F., 1981. The Tethyan dispersal of some chlorophyte algae subsequent to the Paleozoic. —Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimat. Palaeoecol.32, 341–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enomoto, S. & Ohba, H., 1987. Culture studies onCaulerpa (Caulerpales, Chlorophyceae). I. Reproduction and development ofC. racemosa var.laetevirens. — Jap. J. Phycol.35, 167–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettl, H., 1976. Die GattungChlamydomonas Ehrenberg. — Nova Hedwigia (Beih.)49, 1–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettl, H., 1981. Die neue Klasse Chlamydophyceae, eine natürliche Gruppe der Grünalgen (Chlorophyta). — Pl. Syst. Evol.137, 107–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ettl, H., 1983. Chlorophyta I (Phytomonadina). In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Hrsg. von H. Ettl, J. Gerloff & H. Heynig. Fischer, Stuttgart,9, 1–807.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettl, H. & Komárek, J., 1982. Was versteht man unter dem Begriff „coccale Grünalgen”? — Algol. Stud.29, 345–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ettl, H. & Moestrup, Ø., 1980. Light and electron-microscopical studies onHafniomonas gen. nov. (Chlorophyceae, Volvocales), a genus resemblingPyramimonas (Prasinophyceae). — Pl. Syst. Evol.135, 177–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyden, B. P., 1975. Light and electron microscope study ofDunaliella primolecta Butcher (Volvocida). — J. Protozool.22, 336–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L. & Hoops, H. J., 1980.Schizomeris leibleinii revisited; ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus. — J. Phycol.16 (Suppl.), 11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L., Hoops, H. J. & Swanson, J. A., 1980. Fine structure of the zoospore ofUlothrix belkae with emphasis on the flagellar apparatus. — Protoplasma104 17–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L. & O'Kelly, C. J., 1984. Motile cell ultrastructure and the circumscription of the orders Ulotrichales and ulvales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta). — Am. J. Bot.71, 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L., O'Kelly, C. J. & Chappell, D. F., 1985. Absolute configuration analysis of the flagellar apparatus inCladophora andChaetomorpha motile cells with an assessment of the phylogenetic position of the Cladophoraceae (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta.) — Am. J. Bot.72, 615–625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1972a. Comparative cytology ofUlothrix andStigeoclonium. — J. Phycol.8, 68–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, G. L., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1972b. Cellular organization, mitosis, and cytokinesis in the ulotrichalean alga,Klebsormidium. — J. Phycol.8, 176–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fott, B., 1971. Algenkunde. VEB Fischer, Jena, 581 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fritsch, F. E., 1948. The structure and reproduction of the algae. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge,1, 1–791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddings, T. H., Brower, D. L. & Staehelin, L. A., 1980. Visualization of particle complexes in the plasma membrane ofMicrasterias denticulata associated with the formation of cellulose fibrils in primary and secondary cell walls. — J. Cell Biol.84, 327–339.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough, U. W. & Weiss, R. L., 1978. Interrelationships between microtubules, a striated fiber, and the gametic mating structure ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii — J. Cell Biol.76, 430–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gori, P., 1979. Ultrastructure of the spermatozoid inHalimeda tuna (Chlorophyceae). — Gam. Res.2, 345–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. E., 1984. An ultrastructural re-examination of putative multilayered structures inTrentepohlia aurea. — Protoplasma123, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. E. & McBride, G. E., 1975. The ultrastructure of multilayered structures associated with flagellar bases in motile cells ofTrentepohlia aurea. — J. Phycol.11, 86–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. E. & McBride, G. E., 1979. The occurrence and phylogenetic significance of a multilayered structure inColeochaete spermatozoids. — Am. J. Bot.66, 887–894.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. E. & Wedemeyer, G. J., 1984. Spermatogenesis inColeochaete pulvinata (Charophyceae): sperm maturation. — J. Phycol.20, 302–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greuel, B. T. & Floyd, G. L., 1985. Development of the flagellar apparatus and flagellar orientation in the colonial green algaGonium pectorale (Volvocales). — J. Phycol.21, 358–371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groover, R. D. & Bold, H. C., 1969. The taxonomy and comparative physiology of the Chlorosarcinales and certain other edaphic algae. Phycological Studies VIII. — Univ. of Texas Publ.6907, 1–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis-Colinvaux, L., 1980. Ecology and taxonomy ofHalimeda: primary producer of coral reefs. —Adv. mar. Biol.17, 1–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis-Colinvaux, L., 1986. Distribution patterns of some Bryopsidales in the geologic past: their bearing on present distributions. — Botanica mar.24, 271–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirayama, T. & Hori, T., 1984. Flagellar apparatus of the quadriflagellated zoospore ofChaetomorpha spiralis Okamura (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta). — Botanica mar.27, 335–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, C. van den, 1981. Chlorophyta: morphology and classification. In: The biology of seaweeds. Ed. by C. S. Lobban & M. J. Wynne. Blackwell, Oxford, 86–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, C. van den, 1984a. The systematics of the Cladophorales. In: The systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, New York, 157–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, C. van den, 1984b. World-wide latitudinal and longitudinal seaweed distribution patterns and their possible causes, as illustrated by the distribution of Rhodophytan genera. — Helgoländer Meeresunters.38, 227–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoek, C. van den & Jahns, H. M., 1978. Algen. Thieme, Stuttgart, 481 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, L. R., 1970. Observation on the fine structure ofOedogonium VI. The striated component of the compound flagellar “roots” ofO. cardiacum. — Can. J. Bot.48, 189–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, L. R., 1984. Male gametes ofAtractomorpha echinata Hoffmann (Chlorophyceae). —J. Phycol.20, 573–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoops, H. J., 1984. Somatic cell flagellar apparatuses in two species ofVolvox (Chlorophyceae). —J. Phycol.20, 20–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoops, H. J. & Floyd, G. L., 1983. Ultrastructure and development of the flagellar apparatus and flagellar motion in the colonial green algaAstrephomene gubernaculifera. — J. Cell Sci.63, 21–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoops, H. J., Floyd, G. L. & Swanson, J. A., 1982. Ultrastructure of the biflagellate motile cells ofUlvaria oxysperma (Kütz.). Bliding and phylogenetic relationships among Ulvophycean algea. —Am. J. Bot.69, 150–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, H., Lim, B.-L. & Osawa, S., 1985. Evolution of green plants as deduced from 5S rRNA sequences. — Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA82, 820–823.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, H. & Osawa, S., 1987. Origin and evolution of organisms as deduced from 5S ribosomal RNA sequences. — Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 445–472.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T., 1977. Electron microscope observations on the flagellar apparatus ofBryopsis maxima (Cholorophyceae). — J. Phycol.13, 238–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T., 1981. Ultrastructural studies on nuclear division during gemetogenesis inCaulerpa (Chlorophyceae). — Jap. J. Phycol.29, 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T. & Enomoto, S., 1978a. Developmental cytology ofDictyosphaeria cavernosa. II. Nuclear division during zooid formation. — Botanica mar.21, 477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T. & Enomoto, S. 1978b. Electron microscope observations on the nuclear division inValonia ventricosa (Chlorophyceae, Siphonocladales). — Phycologia17, 133–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T., Inouye, I., Horiguchi, T. & Boalch, G., 1985. Observations on the motile stage ofHalosphaera minor Ostenfeld (Prasinophyceae) with special reference to the cell structure. — Botanica mar.28, 529–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T. & Kobara, T., 1982. Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus in the stephanokont zoospores ofPseudobryopsis hainanensis (Chlorophyceae). — Jap. J. Phycol.30, 31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hori, T., Norris, R. E. & Chihara, M., 1986. Studies on the ultrastructure and taxonomy of the genusTetraselmis (Prasinophyceae). III. SubgenusParviselmis. — Bot. Mag. Tokyo99, 123–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hotchkiss, A. T. & Brown, R. M., 1987. The association of rosette and globule terminal complexes with cellulose microfibril assembly inNitella translucens var.axillaris (Charophyceae). — J. Phycol.23, 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, P. R. & Waaland, J. R., 1974. Ultrastructure of mitosis and cytokinesis in the multinucleate green algaAcrosiphonia. — J. Cell Biol.62, 274–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huss, V. A. R., Dörr, R., Grossmann, U. & Kessler, E., 1986. Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the taxonomy of the genusChlorella. I.Chlorella sorokiniana. — Arch. Mikrobiol.145, 329–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huss, V. A. R., Schwarzwälder, E. & Kessler, E., 1987a. Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the taxonomy ofChlorella. IIChlorella saccharophila. — Arch. Mikrobiol.147, 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huss, V. A. R., Hehenberger, A. & Kessler, E., 1987b. Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the taxonomy of the genusChlorella. IIIChlorella fusca andChlorella kessleri. — Arch. Mikrobiol.149, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyams, J. & Chasey, D., 1974. Aspects of the flagellar apparatus and associated microtubules in a marine alga. — Exp. Cell Res.84, 381–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, I., Hori, T. & Chihara, M., 1983. Ultrastructure and taxonomy ofPyramimonas lunata, a new marine species of the class Prasinophyceae. — Jap. J. Phycol.31, 238–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye, I., Hori, T., & Chihara, M., 1985. Ultrastructural characters ofPyramimonas and their possible relevance on taxonomy. In: Origin and evolution of diversity in plants and plant communities. Ed. by H. Hara. Academia Scientific Book, Tokyo, 314–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jónsson, S. & Chesnoy, L., 1984. Aspectes ultrastructuraux de la fécondation chez l'Acrosiphonia spinescens (Kütz.) Kjellm. (Acrosiphoniales, Chlorophyta). — Bull. Soc. bot. Fr.131, 247–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joosten, A. M. T. & Hoek, C. van den, 1986. World-wide relationships between red seaweed floras: a multivariate approach. — Botanica mar.29, 195–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, K. R. & McLean, R. J., 1979. Rhizoplast and rootlet systems of the flagellar apparatus ofChlamydomonas moewusii. — J. Cell Sci.,39, 373–381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, E., 1984. A general review on the contribution of chemotaxonomy to the systematics of green algae. In: Systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D.E.G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 391–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kloppstech, K., 1982.Acetabularia. In: The molecular biology of plant development. Ed. by H. Smith & D. Grierson. Blackwell, Oxford, 136–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komárek, J. & Fott, B., 1983. Chlorophyceae (Grünalgen). Ordnung: Chlorococcales. In: Die Binnengewässer. Hrsg. von August Thienemann. Schweizerbart. Stuttgart, 16 (7,1), 1–1044.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koop, H. U., 1975. Über den Ort der Meiose beiAcetabularia mediterranea. — Protoplasma85, 109–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koop, H. U., 1979. The life cycle ofAcetabularia (Dasycladales, Chlorophyceae): a compilation of evidence for meiosis in the primary nucleus. — Protoplasma100, 353–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann, P., 1938. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte vonDerbesia undHalicystis. — Planta28 464–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann, P., 1963. Die Ulotrichalen neugeordnet auf der Grundlage entwicklungs geschichtlicher Befunde. — Phycologia3, 60–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann, P., 1973. Codiolophyceae, a new class of Chlorophyta. — Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters.25, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornmann, P. & Sahling, P.-H., 1983. Meeresalgen von Helgoland: Ergänzung. — Helgoländer Meeresunters.36, 1–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lembi, C. A., 1975. A rhizoplast inCarteria radiosa (Chlorophyceae). — J. Phycol.11, 219–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lembi, C. A., 1980. Unicellular chlorophytes. In: Phytoflagellates. Ed by E. R. Cox. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 5–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux, B., Turmel, M. & Lemieux, C., 1985. Chloroplast DNA variation inChlamydomonas and its potential application to the systematics of this genus. — BioSystems8, 293–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, L., Berger, S. & Schweizer, M. S., 1976. Ultrastructure during development of the nucleus ofBatophora oerstedii (Chlorophyta, Dasycladaceae). — J. Phycol.12, 261–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lokhorst, G. M., 1984. Current ideas on classification of the Ulotrichales Borzi. In: Systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 179–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhorst, G. M., 1985. The concept of the genusUlothrix (Chlorophyta) strengthened by comparative cytology. — BioSystems18, 357–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lokhorst, G. M., 1987. The ultrastructure of mitosis and cytokinesis inChlorokybus atmophyticus: cleavage microtubules in a charophycean alga. — 14th Int. Bot. Congr. Berlin, Abstr.261.

  • Lokhorst, G. M. & Star, W., 1983. Fine structure of mitosis and cytokinesis inUrospora (Acrosiphoniales, Chlorophyta). — Protoplasma117, 142–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lokhorst, G. M. & Star, W., 1985. Ultrastructure of mitosis and cytokinesis inKlebsormidium mucosum nov. comb., formerlyUlothrix verrucosa (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.21, 466–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lokhorst, G. M. & Vroman, M., 1972. Taxonomic study on three freshwaterUlothrix species. — Acta bot. neerl.21, 449–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Løvlie, A. & Br»ten, T., 1968. On the division of cytoplasm and chloroplast in the multicellular green algaUlva mutabilis Føyn. — Exp. Cell Res.51, 211–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Løvlie, A. & Br»ten, T., 1970. On mitosis in the multicellular algaUlva mutabilis Føyn. — J. Cell Sci.6, 109–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manton, I. & Parke, M., 1960. Further observations on small green flagellates with special reference to possible relatives ofChromulina pusilla Butcher. — J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K.39, 275–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markowitz, M., 1978. Fine structure of the zoospore ofOedocladium carolinianum (Chlorophyta) with special reference to the flagellar apparatus. — J. Phycol.14, 289–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J. & Pickett-Heaps, J. D., 1973. Mitosis and cytokinesis inColeochaete scutata. —J. Phycol.9, 461–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, H. J., Pickett-Heaps, J. D. & Jacobs, K., 1973. An ultrastructural study of zoosporogenesis and the mature zoospore ofKlebsormidium flaccidum. — Cytobios8, 95–107.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D., 1977. Cell division in the scaly green flagellateHeteromastix rugulata and its bearing on the origin of the Chlorophyceae. — Am. J. Bot.64, 931–945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D., 1984. Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology. In: Systematics of the green algae Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 29–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattox, K. R., Stewart, K. D. & Floyd, G. L., 1974. The cytology and classification ofSchizomeris leibleinii. I. The vegetative thallus. — Phycologia13, 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, D. M. & Moss, B. L. 1978. Ultrastructural studies of vegetative cells, mitosis and cell division inEnteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link. — Br. phycol. J.13, 255–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, G. E., 1967. Cytokinesis in the green algaFritschiella tuberosa. — Nature, Lond.216, 939.

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, G. E., 1970. Cytokinesis and ultrastructure inFritschiella tuberosa Iyengar. — Arch. Protistenk.112, 365–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, K. L. & Pickett-Heaps, J. D. 1976. Ultrastructure and differentiation inCladophora glomerata. I. Cell division. — Am. J. Bot.63, 592–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinesz, A., 1969. Sur la reproduction sexuée del'Udotea petiolata (Turr.) Boerg. — C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci, Paris269, 1063–1065.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinesz, A., 1972a. Sur le cycle de l'Halimeda tuna (Ellis et Solander) Lamouroux (Udotéacée, Caulerpale). — C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris275, 1363–1365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinesz, A., 1972b. Sur le cycle d'Udotea petiolata (Turr.) Boerg. (Caulerpale, Udotéacée). — C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris275, 1975–1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meinesz, A., 1980. Connaissances actuelles et contribution à l'étude de la reproduction et du cycle des Udotéacées (Caulerpales, Chlorophytes). — Phycologia19, 110–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1977. The flagellar root system of zoospores of the green algaChlorosarcinopsis (Chlorosarcinales) as compared withChlamydomonas (Volvocales). — Pl. Syst. Evol.128, 79–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1978. Structure and significance of cruciate flagellar root systems in green algae: comparative investigations in species ofChlorosarcinopsis (Chlorosarcinales). — Pl. Syst. Evol.130, 265–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1979. Structure and significance of cruciate flagellar root systems in green algae: zoospores ofUlva lactuca (Ulvales, Chlorophyceae). — Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters.32, 425–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1980. Flagellar roots, mating structure and gamete fusion in the green algaUlva lactuca (Ulvales). — J. Cell Sci.46, 149–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1981a. The flagellar apparatus of the scaly green flagellatePyramimonas aborata: absolute configuration. — Protoplasma108, 341–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1981b. Structure and significance of cruciate flagellar root systems in green algae: female gametes ofBryopsis lyngbyei (Bryopsidales). — Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters.34, 355–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1982. Structural and evolutionary aspects of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and land plants. — Taxon31, 255–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1983. Functional and phylogenetic aspects of the basal apparatus in algal cells. —J. submicrosc. Cytol.15, 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., 1984. Flagellar apparatus ultrastructure in relation to green algal classification. In: Systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 73–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., & Berns, B., 1983. Zoospore ultrastructure in the green algaFriedmannia israelensis: an absolute configuration analysis. — Protoplasma114, 67–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., & Preisig, H. R., 1984. An ultrastructural comparison betweenSpermatozopsis andDunaliella (Chlorophyceae). — Pl. Syst. Evol.146, 31–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melkonian, M., Reize, I. B. & Preisig, H. R., 1987. Maturation of a flagellum/basal body requires more than one cell cycle in algal flagellates: studies onNephroselmis olivacea (Prasinophyceae). In: Algal development. Ed. by W. Wiesner, D. G. Robinson & R. C. Starr. Springer, Berlin, 102–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyen, S. V., 1987. Fundamentals of palaeobotany. Chapman & Hall, London, 432 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyaji, K. & Hori, T., 1984. The ultrastructure ofSpongomorpha duriuscula (Acrosiphoniales, Chlorophyta), with special reference to the flagellar apparatus. — Jap. J. Phycol.32, 307–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizuta, S., 1987. Structure and generation of cell walls in cellulosic algae II. Microfibril formation and regulation of orientation. — Jap. J. Phycol.35, 130–143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø., 1970. The fine structure of the mature spermatozoids ofChara corallina, with special reference to microtubules and scales. — Planta93, 295–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø., 1974. Ultrastructure of the scale-covered zoospore of the green algaChaetosphaeridium, a possible ancestor of the higher plants and bryophytes. — Biol. J. Linn. Soc.6 111–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø., 1978. On the phylogenetic validity of the flagellar apparatus in green algae and other chlorophyll a and b containing plants. — BioSystems10, 117–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø., 1982. Flagellar structure in algae: a review, with new observations particularly on the Chrysophyceae, Phaeophyceae (Fucophyceae), Euglenophyceae, and Reckertia. — Phycologia21, 427–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø., 1987. The importance of flagellar apparatus ultrastructure in algal systematics and phylogeny. — 14th Int. Bot. Congr. Berlin, Abstr. 259.

  • Moestrup, Ø. & Ettl, H., 1979. A light and electron microscopical study ofNephroselmis olivacea (Prasinophyceae). — Op. bot.49, 1–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moestrup, Ø. & Walne, P. L. 1979. Studies on scale morphogenesis in the Golgi-apparatus ofPyramimonas tetrarhynchus (Prasinophyceae). — J. Cell Sci.36, 437–459.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, L. J. & Coleman, A. W., 1987. Do the chloroplast DNAs ofPandorina morum (Volvocales, Chlorophyta) evolve at the same rate as cp DNAs of flowering plant species? — 14th Int. Bot. Congr. Berlin, Abstr. 178.

  • Müller, J., 1981. Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms. — Bot. Rev.47, 1–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nei, M., 1987. Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 512 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, K., 1969a. Protonema mit Riesenkern bei der siphonalen GrünalgeBryopsis hypnoides und weitere cytologische Befunde. — Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters.19 45–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, K., 1969b. Beitrag zur Cytologie und Entwicklung der siphonalen GrünalgeDerbesia marina. — Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters.19, 355–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R. E., 1980. Prasinophytes. In: Phytoflagellates. Ed. by E. R. Cox. Elsevier, Amsterdam 85–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R. E. 1982. Prasinophyceae. In: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Ed. by S. P. Parker. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1, 162–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R. E. & Pienaar, R. N., 1978. Comparative fine-structural studies on five marine species ofPyramimonas (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae). — Phycologia17, 41–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Kelly, C. J. & Floyd, G. J., 1983. The flagellar apparatus ofEntocladia viridis motile cells, and the taxonomic position of the resurrected family Ulvellaceae (Ulvales, Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.19, 153–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O'Kelly, C. J. & Floyd, G. L., 1984. Flagellar apparatus absolute orientations and the phylogeny of the green algae. — BioSystems16, 227–251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O'Kelly, C. J., Floyd, G. L. & Dube, M. A., 1984. The fine structure of motile cells in the generaUlvaria andMonostroma, with special reference to the taxonomic position ofMonostroma oxyspermum (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta). — Pl. Syst. Evol.144, 179–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, J. L., Stam, W. T., Bot., P. V. M. & Hoek, C. van den, 1987. scDNA-DNA hybridization studies in Pacific and Caribbean isolates ofDictyosphaeria cavernosa (Chlorophyta) indicate a long divergence. — Helgoländer Meeresunters.41, 377–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen-Stojkovich, J., 1986. Phylogenetic studies of genera in the Siphonocladales-Cladophorales complex (Chlorophyta). Diss. Univ. of California, Berkeley, 183 pp.

  • Olsen-Stojkovich, J., West, J. A. & Lowenstein, J. M., 1986. Phylogenetics and biogeography in the Cladophorales complex (Chlorophyta): Some insights from immunological distance data. —Botanica mar.29, 239–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., 1985. Comparative organization of chloroplast genomes. — A. Rev. Genet.19, 325–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. D., Herbon, L. A., Milligan, B. G., Baldauf, S. L., Hampton, J. N. & Calie, J. P., 1987. Evolution of chloroplast chromosomes in land plants. — 14th Int. Bot. Congr. Berlin, Abstr.155.

  • Parke, M., Boalch, G. T., Jowett, R. & Harbour, D. S., 1978. The genusPterosperma (Prasinophyceae): species with a single equatorial ala. — J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K.58, 239–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pascher, A., 1914. Über Flagellaten und Algen. — Ber. dt. bot. Ges.32, 136–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson B. R. & Norris, R. E., 1975. Fine structure of cell division inPyramimonas parkeae. —J. Phycol.11, 113–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennick, N. C., 1984. Comparative ultrastructure and occurrence of scales inPyramimonas (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae). — Arch. Protistenk.128, 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps, J. D., 1972. Cell division inKlebsormidium subtilissimum (formerlyUlothrix subtilissima) and its possible phylogenetic significance. — Cytobios6, 167–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps, J. D., 1974. Cell division inStichococcus. — Br. phycol. J.9, 63–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps, J. D., 1975. Green algae. Structure, reproduction and evolution in selected genera. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass., 606 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps, J. D., 1976. Cell division inRaphidonema longiseta. — Arch. Protistenk.118, 209–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, I. R., 1972. Zygote development inCaulerpa (Chlorophyta, Caulerpales). — Phycologia11, 217–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pienaar, R. N. & Aken, M. E., 1985. The ultrastructure ofPyramimonas pseudoparkeae sp. nov. (Prasinophyceae) from South Africa. — J. Phycol.21, 428–447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietema, H., 1969. A new type of life history inBryopsis. — Acta bot. neerl.18, 615–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietema, H., 1970. Life histories ofBryopsis plumosa from European coasts. — Acta bot. neerl.19, 859–866.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietema, H., 1971. Life history studies in the genusBryopsis (Chlorophyceae). IV. Life histories inBryopsis hypnoides Lamx. from different points along the European coasts. — Acta bot. neerl.20, 291–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietma, H., 1972. A morphological, developmental, and caryological study on the life-history ofBryopsis halymeniae (Chlorophyceae). — Neth. J. Sea. Res.5, 445–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rietema, H., 1975. Comparative investigations on the life histories and reproduction of some species in the siphoneous green algal generaBryopsis andDerbesia. Thesis, Groningen, 130 pp.

  • Ringo, D. L., 1967. Flagellar motion and fine structure of the flagellar apparatus inChlamydomonas. — J. Cell Biol.33, 543–571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. R., 1984. The flagellar apparatus inBatophora andTrentepohlia and its phylogenetic significance. In: Systematics of the green algae. Ed. by D. E. G. Irvine & D. M. John. Acad. Press, London, 331–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. R., Sluiman, H. J., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1980. Comparative cytology and taxonomy of the Ulvaphyceae. II. Ulvalean characteristics of the stephanokont flagellar apparatus ofDerbesia tenuissima. — Protoplasma104, 223–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. R., Sluiman, H. J., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox K. R., 1981. Comparative cytology and taxonomy of the Ulvaphyceae. III. The flagellar apparatus of the anisogametes ofDerbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.17, 330–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, K. R., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1982. Structure of the anisogametes of the green siphonPseudobryopsis sp. (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.18, 498–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. E., Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D., 1980. The zoospore ofChlorokybus atmophyticus, a charophyte with sarcinoid growth habit. — Am. J. Bot.67, 774–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlösser, U. G., 1987. Action of cell wall autolysins in asexual reproduction of filamentous green algae: evidence and species specificity. In: Algal development. Ed. by W. Wiesner, D. G. Robinson & R. C. Starr. Springer, Berlin, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnetter, R., Eckhardt, R. & Seibold, G., 1985. Die Kernphase von Sporophytenfäden der GrünalgeDerbesia tenuissima (de Not.) Crn. — Beitr. Biol. Pfl.60, 293–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. L. & Bullock, K. W., 1976. Ultrastructure of cell division inCladophora: Pregametangial cell division in the haploid generation ofCladophora flexuosa — Can. J. Bot.54, 1546–1566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shihira-Ishikawa, I. & Kuoiwa, T., 1984. Morphological transition of the nucleus during the whole life cycle ofAcetabularia calyculus Quoy et Gaymard. — Jap. J. Phycol.32, 147–157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., 1983. The flagellar apparatus of the zoospore of the filamentous green algaColeochaete pulvinata: absolute configuration and phylogenetic significance. — Protoplasma,115, 160–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., 1984. A pathway of plasma membrane biogenesis bypassing the Golgi apparatus during cell division in the green algaCylindrocapsa geminella. — J. Cell Sci.72, 89–100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., 1985a. Mitosis and cell division inCylindrocapsa geminella (Chlorophyceae). —J. Phycol.21, 523–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., 1985b. Comparative studies on the ultrastructure, phylogeny and classification of green algae. Thesis, Vrije Univ., Amsterdam, 155 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., Mattox, K. R. & Stewart, K. D., 1980a. Moderne opvattingen over de fylogenie van groenwieren en landplanten. — Vakbl. Biol.60, 204–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., Roberts, K. R., Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1980b. Comparative cytology and taxonomy of Ulvaphyceae. I. The zoospore ofUlothrix zonata (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.16, 537–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., Roberts, K. R., Stewart, K. D., Mattox, K. R. & Lokhorst, G. L., 1982. The flagellar apparatus of the zoospore ofUrospora penicilliformis (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.18, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluiman, H. J., Roberts, K. R., Stewart, K. D., & Mattox, K. R., 1983. Comparative cytology and taxonomy of the Ulvophyceae. IV. Mitosis and cytokinesis inUlothrix (Chlorophyta). — Acta bot. neerl.32, 257–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulié-Märsche, I., 1979. Origine et évolution des genres actuels des Characeae. — Bull. cent. Rech. Explor. Prod. Elf-Aquitaine3, 821–831.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spring, H., Grierson, D., Hemleben, H., Stöhr, M., Krohne, G., Stadler, J. & Franke, W. W., 1978. DNA contents and numbers of nucleoli and pre-rRNA genes in nuclei and gametes and vegetative cells ofAcetabularia mediterranea. — Expl. Cell Res.114 203–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stam, W. T., Bot, P. V. M., Boele-Bos, S. A., Rooy, J. van & Hoek, C. van den, 1988. Single copy DNA-DNA hybridizations among five species ofLaminaria (Phaeophyceae): phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. — Helgoländer Meeresuntes.42, 251–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1975. Some aspects of mitosis in primitive green algae: phylogeny and function. — BioSystems7, 310–315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. D. & Mattox, K. R., 1978. Structural evolution in the flagellated cells of green algae and land plants. — BioSystems10, 145–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, K. D., Mattox, K. R. & Chandler, D. C., 1974. Mitosis and cytokinesis inPlatymonas subcordiformis, a scaly green monad. — J. Phycol.10, 65–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuessy, C. L., Floyd, G. L. & O'Kelly, C. J., 1983. Fine structure of zoospores of anEnteromorpha species (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) collected from freshwater. — Br. phycol. J.18, 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, C., 1981. Chlorophyta: life histories. In: The biology of seaweeds. Ed. by C. S. Lobban & M. J. Wynne. Blackwell, Oxford, 218–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tappan, H., 1980. The paleobiology of plant protists. Freeman, San Francisco, 1028 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. A. & Spicer, R. A., 1986. The evolution and paleobiology of land plants. Croom Helm, Beckenham, Kent, 309 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, J. P., 1982. The molecular clock hypothesis: biochemical evolution, genetic differentiation and systematics — A. Rev. Ecol. Syst.13, 136–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Triemer, R. E. & Brown, R. M., 1974. Cell division inChlamydomonas moewusii. — J. Phycol.10, 419–443.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, J. K. & Triemer, R. E., 1981. Mitosis in the octoflagellate prasinophyte,Pyramimonas amylifera (Chlorophyta). — J. Phycol.17, 81–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Marine Biology, Biological Centre of the University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren (Gn), The Netherlands

    C. van den Hoek, W. T. Stam & J. L. Olsen

Authors
  1. C. van den Hoek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. T. Stam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. L. Olsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Dedicated to Dr. h. c. P. Kornmann, on the occasion of his 80th birthday.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

van den Hoek, C., Stam, W.T. & Olsen, J.L. The emergence of a new chlorophytan system, and Dr. Kornmann's contribution thereto. Helgolander Meeresunters 42, 339–383 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02365617

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02365617

Keywords

Helgoland Marine Research

ISSN: 1438-3888

Contact us