Skip to main content
  • Published:

Ecosystem model of the western Wadden Sea: A bridge between science and management?

Abstract

This paper describes the construction, validation and application of a mathematical ecosystem model of the western Wadden Sea. This model is based upon the Ems-Dollard ecosystem model, but also includes a two-dimensional transport submodel, a benthic and epibenthic sublitoral submodel and nutrient regeneration. In 1986, an extensive field programme was executed to collect data for model validation. Apart from the subtidal processes the validation indicates that the model simulates the different state variables reasonably well. The applicability of the model for management purposes was tested in four case studies concerning: dredging activities, eutrophication, commercial mussel cultrue and oil spills and other calamities. It is concluded that the western Wadden Sea model in general is a useful tool in evaluating the impact of certain anthropogenic activities in the area.

Literature Cited

  • Anonymous, 1981. Zandwinning in de Waddenzee. Rijkswaterstaat Directie Friesland, Leeuwarden, 48 pp.

  • Baretta, J. W. & Ruardij, P., 1988. Tidal flat estuaries (simulations and analysis of the Ems estuary). Springer, Heidelberg, 353 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, M. J. N., 1982. Gedrag bestrijding en biologische effecten van olie in estuariene gebieden. I. Literatuuroverzicht. — RIN-Rapp.82–18, 1–420.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, M. J. N., 1983. Gedrag, bestrijding en biologische effecten van olie in estuariene gebieden. II. Olie in de Waddenzee. — RIN-Rapp.83–22, 1–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beukema, J. J. & Cadée, G. C., 1986. Zoobenthos responses to eutrophication of the Dutch Wadden Sea. — Ophelia26, 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, U., Billen, G. & Gieskes, W. W. C., 1988. North Sea nutrients and eutrophication. In: Pollution of the North Sea. Ed. by W. Salomons, B. C. Bayne, E. Duursma & U. Förstner. Springer, Berlin, 348–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadée, G. C. & Hegeman, J., 1986. Seasonal and annual variation inPhaeocystis pouchetii (Haptophyceae) in the westernmost inlet of the Wadden Sea during the 1973 to 1985 period. —Neth. J. Sea. Res.20, 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, R., 1987. The importance of the subtidal macrobenthos as food source for the Wadden Sea ecosystem. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Wadden Sea Symposium. Ed. by S. Tougaard & S. Asbrik. National Forest and Nature Agency & Museum of Fishery and Shipping, Esbjerg, 27–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • EON-projectgroup, 1988. Ecosysteemmodel van de westelijke Waddenzee. — NIOZ-Rapp.1988–1, 1–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helder, W., 1974. The cycle of dissolved inorganic nitrogen compounds in the Dutch Wadden Sea. —Neth. J. Sea Res.8, 154–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jonge, V. N. de, 1983. Relations between yearly dredging activities, suspended matter concentrations, and the development of the tidal regime in the Ems estuary. — Can. J. Fish. aquat. Sci.40, 289–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raaphorst, W. van, Ruardij, P. & Brinkman, A. G., 1988. The assessment of benthic phosphorus regeneration in an estuarine ecosystem model. — Neth. J. Sea Res.22, 23–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridderinkhof, H., 1988. Tidai and residual flows in the western Dutch Wadden Sea. I. Numerical model results. — Neth. J. Sea Res.22, 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit, C. J. & Wolff, W. J., 1983. Birds of the Wadden Sea. In: Ecology of the Wadden Sea. Ed. by W. J. Wolff, Balkema, Rotterdam,2, 6/1–6/308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tijssen, S. B. & Bennekom, A. J. van, 1976. Lage zuurstofgehaltes in het water op het Balgzand. —H2O9, 28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veen, M. van, 1988. Inventarisatie baggeractiviteiten directie Friesland 1975–1987. Rijkswaterstaat Directie Friesland, LeeuwardenANW-8810.

  • Veer, H. W. van der, 1989. Eutrophication and mussel culture in the western Dutch Wadden Sea: impact on the benthic ecosystem, a hypothesis. — Helgoländer Meeresunters.43, 517–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veer, H. W. van der & Bergman, M. J. N., 1986. Development of tidally related behaviour of a newly settled O-group plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) population in the western Wadden Sea. — Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,31, 121–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veer, H. W. van der, Bergman, M. J. N. & Beukema, J. J., 1985. Dredging activities in the Dutch Wadden Sea: effects on macrobenthic infauna. — Neth. J. Sea Res.19, 183–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veer, H. W. van der, Raaphorst, W. van & Bergman, M. J. N., 1989. Eutrophication of the Dutch Wadden Sea: I. Nutrient loadings of the Marsdiep and Vliestroom basins. Helgoländer Meeresunters.43, 501–515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veldhuis, M. J. W., Colijn, F., Venekamp, L. A. H. & Villerius, L., 1988. Phytoplankton production and biomass in the western Wadden Sea (The Netherlands): a comparison with an ecosystem model. — Neth. J. Sea Res.22, 37–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wit, J. A. W. de, Schotel, F. M. & Bekkers, L. E. J., 1982. De waterkwaliteit van de Waddenzee 1971–1981. — RIZA Nota82–065, 1–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zijlstra, J. J., 1972. On the importance of the Wadden Sea as a nursery area in relation to the conservation of the southern North Sea fishery resources. — Symp. zool. Soc. Lond.29, 233–258.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Publication nol 7. Applied Scientific Research NIOZ (BEWON)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lindeboom, H.J., van Raaphorst, W., Ridderinkhof, H. et al. Ecosystem model of the western Wadden Sea: A bridge between science and management?. Helgolander Meeresunters 43, 549–564 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02365911

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02365911

Keywords