Skip to main content
  • Marine Ecology: Microbial Processes
  • Published:

Microbes as a challenge to concepts of marine ecosystem analysis

“Bacteria and bacteriologists are the lowest forms of life” (E. McCoy)

Abstract

As theory of science is subject to conflicting ideas, the role of microbiology in marine ecosystem analysis is viewed from extremely different positions. Combined descriptive and experimental approaches have elucidated key functions of microorganisms that challenge the traditional, macro-organism-dominated concepts in ecosystem ecology. This point is illustrated, in particular, by examples of microbe-mediated pathways in the benthic-pelagic coupling of energy flow and carbon cycling. In this context, the role of bacterial biofilms and benthic macrofauna as well as their interaction in marine sediment biogeochemistry is emphasized.

Literature Cited

  • Amann, R., Springer, N., Ludwig, W., Görtz, H. D. & Schleifer, K. H., 1991. Identification in situ and phylogeny of uncultured bacterial endosymbionts. — Nature, Lond.351, 161–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, T. D., 1987. The study of microorganisms in situ: progress and problems. — Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol.41, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanaugh, C. M., Gardiner, S. L., Jones, M. L., Jannasch, H. W. & Waterbury, J. B., 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube wormRiftia pachyptila Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts. — Science, N.Y.213, 340–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, R. R. & Morita, R. Y. (Eds.), 1974. Effect of the ocean environment on microbial activities. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, 587 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooksey, K. E., 1992. Extracellular polymers in biofilms. In: Biofilms — science and technology. Ed. by L. F. Melo. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 137–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costerton, J. W., Cheng, K. J., Geesey, G. G., Ladd, T. I., Nickel, J. C., Dasgupta, J. C. & Marrie, T. J., 1987. Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. — A. Rev. Microbiol.41, 435–464.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Degens, E. T., 1989. Perspectives on biogeochemistry. Springer, Berlin, 423 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, J. C., Porcella, D. B., Middlebrooks, E. J. & Toerien, D., 1972. The effect of carbon on algal growth — its relationship to eutrophication. — Wat. Res.,6, 637–679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grossmann, S. & Reichardt, W., 1991. Impact ofArenicola marina on bacteria in intertidal sediments. — Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.77, 85–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, C. F., 1981. Do ecosystems exist? — Am. Nat.118, 284–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jørgensen, B. B., 1977. Bacterial sulfate reduction within reduced microniches of oxidized marine sediments. — Mar. Biol.41, 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjelleberg, S., Hermansson, M. & Marden, P., 1987. The transient phase between growth and non-growth of heterotrophic bacteria, with emphasis on the marine environment. — A. Rev. Microbiol.41, 25–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamed, R., Naimark, J., Morgenstein, E. & Bayer, E. A., 1987. Specialized cell surface structures in cellulolytic bacteria. — J. Bact.169, 3792–3800.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindeman, R. L., 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. — Ecology,23, 399–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, K. H., 1988. Towards predictive models for coastal marine ecosystems. In: Concepts of ecosystem ecology. Ed. by L. R. Pomeroy & J. J. Alberts. Springer, New York, 291–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, L., 1993. Microbial communities as units of selection. In: Trends in microbial ecology. Ed. by R. Guerrero & C. Pedros-Alio. Spanish Society for Microbiology, Barcelona, 349–352. (Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology).

  • Odum, E. P., 1977. The emergence of ecology as a new integrative discipline. — Science, N.Y.,195, 1289–1293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, L. R., Hargrove, E. C. & Alberts, J. J., 1988. The ecosystem perspective. In: Concepts of ecosystem ecology. Ed. by L. R. Pomeroy & J. J. Alberts. Springer, New York, 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomeroy, L. R. & Alberts, J. J., 1988. Problems and challenges in ecosystem analysis. In: Concepts of ecosystem ecology. Ed. by L. R. Pomeroy & J. J. Alberts. Springer, New York, 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Popper, K. R., 1971. Logik der Forschung. Mohr, Tübingen, 441 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1974. Zur Oekophysiologie einiger Gewässerbakterien aus derFlavobacterium-Cytophaga-Gruppe. — Zbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. (I. Abt. Orig. A)227, 85–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1978. Einführung in die Methoden der Gewässer-Mikrobiologie. Fischer, Stuttgart, 250 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1981. Some ecological aspects of aquatic cytophagas. In: TheFlavobacterium Cytophaga-group. Ed. by H. Reichenbach & O. B. Weeks. Verl. Chemie, Weinheim, 189–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1986. Enzymatic potential for decomposition of detrital biopolymers in sediments from Kiel Bay. — Ophelia,26, 369–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1987. Burial of Antarctic macroalgal debris in bioturbated deep-sea sediments. —Deep Sea Res.34, 1761–1770.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1988. Impact of bioturbation byArenicola marina on microbiological parameters in intertidal sediments. — Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.44, 149–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1989a. Microbiological aspects of bioturbation. — Scientia mar.53, 301–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., 1989b. Ecological and potential biotechnological significance of marine psychrophilic bacteria. In: Current topics in marine biotechnology. Ed. by S. Miyachi, I. Karube & Y. Ishida. Japanese Society of Marine Biotechnology, Tokyo, 65–68. (First International Marine Biotechnology Conference, IMBC).

  • Reichardt, W. & Dieckmann, G., 1985. Kinetics and trophic role of bacterial degradation of macroalgae in Antarctic coastal waters. In: Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Ed. by W. R. Siegfried, P. R. Condy & R. M. Laws. Springer, Berlin, 115–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W. & Morita, R. Y., 1982. Influence of temperature adaptation on glucose metabolism in a psychrotrophic strain ofCytophaga johnsonae. — Appl. environ. Microbiol.44, 1282–1288.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reichardt, W., Piker, L., Juterzenka, K. V., Heise, S., Großmann, S. & Bussmann, I., 1991. Burrowing macrozoobenthos as major contaminants of bacteria in sediments — Kieler Meeresforsch. (Sonderh.)8, 86–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiners, W. A., 1986. Complementary models for ecosystems. — Am. Nat.127, 59–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigler, F. H., 1975. Nutrient kinetics and the new typology. — Verh int. Verein. theor. angew. Limnol.19, 197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, J. S., 1961. The level-of-integration concept and ecology. — Ecology42, 420–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E., Liesack, W., Ward, N. & Goebel, B. M. 1983. In: Trends in microbial ecology. Ed. by R. Guerrero & C. Pedros-Alio. Spanish Society for Microbiology, Barcelona, 567–572. (Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiveley, J. M. & Barton, L. L., 1991. Variations in autotrophic life. Acad. Press, London, 346 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieburth, J. McN. & Dietz, A. S., 1974. Biodeterioration in the sea and its inhibition. In: Effect of the ocean environment on microbial activities. Ed. by R. R. Colwell & R. Y. Morita. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, 318–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, H. G., 1986. Microbial ecology and the prepared mind. In: Perspectives in microbial ecology. Ed. by F. Megusar & M. Gantar. Slovene Society for Microbiology, Ljubljana, 8–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stetter, K. O., 1986. Diversity of extremely thermophilic sulfur-dependent archaebacteria. In: Thermophiles, general, molecular and applied microbiology. Ed. by T. D. Brock. Wiley, New York, 39–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tansley, A. G., 1935. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. — Ecology16, 284–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Widdel, F., 1988. Microbiology and ecology of sulfate-and sulfur-reducing bacteria. In: Biology of anaerobic microorganisms. Ed. by A. J. Zehnder. Wiley, New York, 469–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiebe, W. J., 1984. Some potentials for the use of microorganisms in ecological theory. In: Current perspectives in microbial ecology. Ed. by M. J. Klug & C. A. Reddy. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Reichardt, W. Microbes as a challenge to concepts of marine ecosystem analysis. Helgolander Meeresunters 49, 135–141 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368344

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02368344

Keywords