Skip to main content
  • Pesticides And Related Organic Compounds
  • Published:

Effects of pesticides and related organic compounds in the sea

Abstract

The majority of organic chemicals identified so far in the sea are pesticides and products of technical use; most contain chlorine. Only a limited amount of the actual pollutant load is detectable because few data for “unconventional ” pollutants are available. In view of the considerable structural variety of the large number of chemicals produced, there is a need for prediction measurements of bioconcentration and toxic effects. Physico-chemical data may be used for predicting bioconcentration and life-cycle toxicity tests for the estimation of safe levels. The degree of biomagnification via food chains increases with half lives of the pollutants. When comparing pollutant concentrations with toxicological data it becomes apparent that estuaries and coastal areas deserve special concern, whereas pollutant levels of open ocean waters are unlikely to endanger marine life at present.

Literature cited

  • Brodie, B. B. & Maickel, R. P., 1962. Comparative biochemistry of drug metabolism. — Proc. 1st int. pharmac. Meet.6, 299–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P. A., 1971. Influence of pesticides on marine ecosystems. — Proc. R. Soc. (B)177, 321–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiou, C. T., Freed, V. H., Schmedding, D. W. & Kohnert, R. L., 1977. Partition coefficient and bioaccumulation of selected organic chemicals. — Environ. Sci. Technol.11, 475–478.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, R., 1970. Acute toxicities of organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides to estuarine fishes. — Tech. Pap. Fish Wildl. Serv. U. S.46, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisler, R., 1972. Pesticide-induced stress profiles. In: Marine pollution and sea life. Ed. by M. Ruivo. Fishing News Books, London, 229–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, W., 1977. Determination of the bioconcentration potential of marine organisms. — A steady state approach. I. Bioconcentration data for seven chlorinated pesticides in mussels(Mytilus edulis) and their relation to solubility data. — Chemosphere6, 731–740.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, W., 1979. Factors affecting the evaluation of chemicals in laboratory experiments using marine organisms. — Ecotoxicol. environ. Safety3, 90–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, W., Goerke, H. & Weber, K., 1977. Fate of14C-labelled di-, tri- and pentachlorobiphenyl in the marine annelidNereis virens. II. Degradation and faecal elimination. — Chemosphere6, 559–568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst, W. & Weber, K., 1978. The fate of pentachlorophenol in the Weser Estuary and the German Bight. — Veröff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven17, 45–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giam, C. S., Chan, H. S., Neff, G. S. & Atlas, E. L., 1978. Phthalate ester plasticizers: A new class of marine pollutant. — Science, N. Y.199, 419–421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, A. H., Staham, C. N. & Lech, J. J., 1977. Studies on the uptake, metabolism and disposition of pentachlorophenol and pentachloroanisole in rainbow trout. — Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol.41, 649–658.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunter, F. A., Westlake, W. E. & Jaglan, P. S., 1968. Reported solubilities of 738 pesticide chemicals in water. — Residue Rev.20, 1–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D. J. & Parrish, P. R., 1977. Suitability of sheepshead minnows(Cyprinodon variegatus) for life-cycle toxicity test. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. Ed. by F. L. Meyer & J. L. Hamelink. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haque, R. & Schmedding, D., 1975. A method of measuring the water solubility of hydrophobic chemicals: Solubility of five polychlorinated biphenyls. — Bull. environ. Contam. Toxicol.14, 13–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, A. V., 1973. Effects of pesticides in fish. In: Environmental pollution by pesticides. Ed. by C. A. Edwards. Plenum Press, London, 213–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, S. & Jansson, B., 1976. Methyl sulfone metabolites of PCB and DDE. — Ambio5, 257–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi, K., Akitake, H. & Tomiyama, T., 1970. Studies on the metabolism of pentachlorophenate, a herbicide, in aquatic organisms. III. Isolation and identification of a conjugated PCP yielded by a shell fish. — Bull. Jap. Soc. scient. Fish.36, 103–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leo, A. J., 1975. Calculation of partition coefficients useful in the evaluation of the relative hazards of various chemicals in the environment. In: Structure-activity correlations in studies of toxicity and bioconcentration with aquatic organisms. Ed. by G. D. Veith & D. E. Konasewich. Great Lakes Research Advisory Board, Windsor, Ontario, 151–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunde, G. & Steinness, E., 1975. Presence of lipid-soluble chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine oils. — Environ. Sci. Technol.9, 155–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunde, G., Gether, J. & Josefsson, B., 1975. The sum of chlorinated and of brominated non-polar hydrocarbons in water. — Bull. environ. Contam. Toxicol.13, 656–661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J. W. & Rowe, D. R., 1976. The accumulation and loss of dieldrin and endrin in the eastern oyster. — Archs environ. Contam. Toxicol.4, 349–360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metcalf, R. L., Sanborn, J. R., Lu, P.-Y. & Nye, D., 1975. Laboratory model ecosystem studies of the degradation and fate of radiolabeled tri-, tetra-, and pentachlorobiphenyl compared with DDE. — Archs environ. Contam. Toxicol.3, 151–165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, A., J. & Riley, J. P., 1973. Occurrence of some chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in the environment. — Nature, Lond.242, 37–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neely, W. B., Branson, D. R. & Blau, G. E., 1974. Partition coefficient to measure bioconcentration potential of organic chemicals in fish. — Environ. Sci. Technol.8, 1113–1115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimmo, D. R., Bahner, L. H., Rigby, R. A., Sheppard, J. M. & Wilson, A. J., Jr., 1977.Mysidopsis bahia: An estuarine species suitable for life-cycle toxicity tests to determine the effects of a pollutant. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. Ed. by F. L. Meyer & J. L. Hamelink. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 109–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peakall, D. B., 1975. Phthalate esters: Occurrence and biological effects. — Res. Rev.54, 1–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, C. R. & McConnell, G., 1975. Chlorinated C1 and C2 hydrocarbons in the marine environment. — Proc. R. Soc. (B)189, 305–332.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poels, C. L. M., Snoek, O. I. & Huizenga, L. J., 1978. Toxic substances in the Rhine River. — Ambio7, 218–225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, R. J., Bend, J. R., Guarino, A. M. & Fouts, J. R., 1974. Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity of several marine species from coastal maine. — Drug Metab. Disposit.2, 545–555.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel, S. C. & Wilson, A. J., Jr., 1977. Acute toxicity of kepone to four estuarine animals. — Chesapeake Sci.18, 224–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel, S. C., Hansen, D. J. & Forrester, J., 1974. Effects of AroclorR 1254 on laboratory-reared embryos and fry of sheepshead minnows(Cyprinodon variegatus.) — Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.103, 582–586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel, S. C., Patrick, J. M., Jr. & Wilson, A. J., Jr., 1977. Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. Ed. by F. L. Mayer & J. L. Hamelink. ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 241–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schimmel, S. C., Patrick, J. M., Jr. & Faas, L. F., 1978. Effects of sodium pentachlorophenate on several estuarine animals: Toxicity, uptake, and depuration. In: Pentachlorophenol. Ed. by K. R. Rao. Plenum Press, New York, 147–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stadler, D., 1977. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in the seawater of the German Bight and the western Baltic in 1975. — Dt. hydrogr. Z.30, 189–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stalling, D. L., Hogan, J. W. & Johnson, J. L., 1973. Phthalate ester residues — their metabolism and analysis in fish. — Environ. Health Perspect.3, 159–173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stalling, D. L. & Mayer, F. L., 1972. Toxicities of PCBs to fish and environmental residues. — Environ. Health Perspect.1, 159–164.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, C. & Goldberg, E. D., 1976. Environmental concentrations and fluxes of some halocarbons. In: Marine pollutant transfer. Ed. by H. L. Windom & R. A. Duce. Lexington Books, Lexington, Mass., 370.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundström, G., Jansson, B. & Jensen, S., 1975. Structure of phenolic metabolites of p,p'-DDE in rat, wild seal and guillemot. — Nature, Lond.255, 627–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tagatz, M. E., Ivey, J. M. Moore, J. C. & Tobia, M., 1977. Effects of pentachlorophenol on the development of estuarine communities. — J. Toxicol. environ. Health3, 501–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vreeland, V., 1974. Uptake of chlorobiophenyls by oysters. — Environ. Pollut.6, 135–140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, K. & Ernst, W., 1978. Levels and pattern of chlorophenols in water of the Weser Estuary and the German Bight. — Chemosphere7, 873–879.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil, K., Dure, G. & Quentin, K.-E., 1974. Wasserlöslichkeit von insektiziden chlorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen und polychlorierten Biphenylen im Hinblick auf eine Gewässerbelastung mit diesen Stoffen. — Z. Wass.-Abwass.-Forsch.7, 169–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zell, M., Neu, H.-J. & Ballschmiter, K., 1978. Single component analysis of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) — and chlorinated pesticide residues in marine fish samples. — Z. analyt. Chem.292, 97–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ernst, W. Effects of pesticides and related organic compounds in the sea. Helgolander Meeresunters 33, 301–312 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414756

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414756

Keywords