Table 1 Species, which have been reported as introduced to the Azores. Names of species accepted as established non-indigenous taxa are presented in bold
Taxon | Year of first record | Status | Possible vector of introduction | Origin or distribution | Other references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rhodophycota | |||||
Antithamnion diminuatum Wollaston (1968) | 1989 (Athanasiadis and Tittley 1994) | Introduced. Reported for Faial and São Miguel islands | Boat hulls or rafting | South Africa, Australia | |
Antithamnion pectinatum Verlaque et al. (2004) | 1989 (Athanasiadis and Tittley 1994) | Introduced. Reported for Faial island | Hulls or rafting | New Zealand, Japan | Tittley and Neto (1994) |
A. armata Harvey (1855) | 1928 (Schmidt 1931) | Introduced. Very common in all Azorean islands (DOP Database), especially between 5 and 20 m depth (Neto 2000a, b, for São Miguel island) | Boat hulls or rafting | Australia and New Zealand (Haroun et al. 2003) | Neto (1994), (1997) |
A. taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon, (1845) | 1928 (Schmidt 1931) as A. delilei | Cryptogenic. Recently reported for São Miguel in 1993 (Neto 1997) and afterwards for Flores, Faial, Pico, Graciosa and Santa Maria islands (DOP Database) | Boat hulls or rafting | Atlantic and Indian Oceans and Mediterranean | |
Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot (1891) | 1989 (Athanasiadis and Tittley 1994) | Introduced. Reported for Faial, Graciosa and Flores (DOP Database) islands | Boat hulls or rafting | Japan | Tittley and Neto (1994) |
Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Kützing | 1928 (Schmidt 1931) | Possibly not introduced since the first record to the Azores precedes for over several decades the cryptic introduction of a genealogically distinct population in mainland Europe. Genetic work should be carried out in order to confirm the related population (southern Europe or Asia-France) | Boat hulls | An autochthonous genealogic lineage is naturally present in the south of France (Lebouché 1957), Spain, including Canary islands (Lawson and Norton 1971), and mainland Portugal (Zuccarello et al. 2002). A population with a distinct genealogic history based in Asia was introduced in France (Rueness and Rueness 2000) between 1966 and 1977 (Ruesink et al. 2005) | Tittley and Neto (1994), Neto (2000a, b) and Tittley and Neto (2005) |
Scageliopsis patens Wollaston (1981) | 1989 (Athanasiadis and Tittley 1994) | Introduced. Faial and São Miguel islands | Boat hulls or rafting | Australasia | |
Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg, in F. Schmitz and Falkenberg (1897) | 1971 (Ardré et al. 1974) | Introduced. Probably entire archipelago; e.g., Ardré et al. (1974) for Santa Maria, São Miguel and Graciosa islands and Formigas islets, DOP Database for Faial island and Flores. Only recorded for Azores and Australasia (Athanasiadis and Tittley 1994), and as introduced to the Mediterranean (Boudouresque and Verlaque 2002) | Boat hulls or rafting | New Zealand, Australasia | Athanasiadis and Tittley (1994), Tittley and Neto (1994) and Neto (1997) |
Chlorophycota | |||||
C. webbiana Montagne (1837) | 2002 | Introduced. Reported for Faial island | Boat hulls or rafting | Canary islands (Haroun et al. 2003), Tropical eastern Atlantic and Hawaii | |
Cladophoropsis membranacea (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Børgeson (1905) | 1973 | Cryptogenic. Genetic work of Kooistra et al. (1992) does not confirm the “introduced” status | Boat hulls or ballast water | Caribbean sea | Morton et al. (1998) |
Codium fragile atlanticum (Cotton) P.C. Silva | 1994 (Tittley and Neto 2005) | Introduced. Recorded in Flores and São Miguel (Tittley and Neto 2005) | Boat hulls or ballast water | Pacific ocean | |
C. f. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C. Silva (1955) | 1993 (Neto 1997) | Introduced. Recorded for São Miguel, Corvo (Tittley and Neto 2005) | Boat hulls or rafting | Pacific ocean around Japan | |
Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje, (1829) | 1993–1995 (Neto 1997) | Introduced. Recorded for São Miguel island | Boat hulls or rafting | Mainland Europe and North Africa | |
Phaeophycota | |||||
Endarachne binghamiae J. Agardh (1896) | (Yoneshigue 1985) | Introduced. Faial, Pico, São Miguel and Terceira islands | Hulls or rafting | South Africa | |
Sphaerotrichia divaricata (C. Agardh) Kylin (1940) | 1993–1995 (Neto 1997) | Introduced. São Miguel island | Boat hulls or rafting | Japan | |
Porifera | |||||
Cinachyrella cf. alloclada (Uliczka 1929) | 1989 (Moss 1992) | Cryptogenic. Faial island | Boat hulls | Caribbean sea | |
Cnidaria | |||||
Tubularia crocea (Agassiz 1862) | 1989 (Cornelius 1992) | Introduced. Recorded from Faial island | Boat hulls | Amphiatlantic. Madeira was the previous northern limit (Wirtz and Debelius 2003) | |
Tubularia indivisa Linnaeus (1758) | 1989 (Cornelius 1992) | Introduced. Recorded from Faial island | Boat hulls | South Norway and North Sea (Wirtz and Debelius 2003) | |
V. halecioides (Alder 1859) | 1989 (Cornelius 1992) | Recorded from Faial island but probably not established | Boat hulls | ||
Annelida | |||||
Hydroides elegans Haswell (1883) | Introduced. Species present at all Azorean islands | Boat hulls | Indo–Pacific | ||
S. spallanzanii (Gmelin 1791) | Cryptogenic. Chapman and Dales (1954) point out the fact of previous work not mentioning this species (Fauvel 1914 in Chapman and Dales 1954) and they found it only in Faial harbour | Boat hulls | Mediterranean (Wirtz and Debelius 2003) | Morton and Briton (2000) | |
Spirorbis marioni Caullery and Mesnil (1897) | 1979 (Zibrowius and Bianchi 1981) | Introduced. Reported for São Miguel and Faial island by Zibrowius and Bianchi (1981) and Knight-Jones et al. (1991) | Boat hulls or rafting | Eastern Pacific (Panama and Mexico) | |
Mollusca | |||||
E. turbinella (Kiener 1836) | This species was confused with the Eastern Atlantic buccinid P. dorbignyi (Ávila 2005) | Ballast water | Western Atlantic | ||
Hexaplex trunculus (Linnaeus 1758) | 1919 (Nobre 1930) | Introduced. Harbours in São Miguel and Faial island | Ballast water | Mediterranean Sea (Poppe and Goto 1991) | Morton et al. (1998), Morton and Briton (2000) and Ávila (2000, 2005) |
Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus 1767) | 1969 (Nordsieck 1969) | Cryptogenic. Hayward and Ryland (1990) do not refer to it as introduced | Unknown but not deliberate | Arctic and boreal regions (MacAndrews 1856), now cosmopolitan (Barash and Danin 1987 in Poppe and Goto 1993) | |
P. dorbignyi (Payraudeau 1826) | Introduced. Initially recorded for São Miguel island, in the vicinity of the main harbour, and in Ferraria and São Vicente Ferreira. Registered here for Faial and Pico islands as well (DOP Database) | Ballast water | Portugal, Mediterranean and Morocco (Ávila 2005) | Ávila (2003) | |
Ruditapes decussatus (Linnaeus 1758) | Probably beginning of 20th century (Morton 1967) | Introduced. São Jorge island. Introduction attempts in other islands [Terceira and Graciosa (Silva 2000); Pico and Faial (H. Martins personal communication)] were not successful | Deliberate introduction | Great Britain or America (Morton 1967), probably Portugal. Dist.: SW England to Senegal and Mediterranean Poppe and Goto (1993) | Morton et al. (1998), Ávila (2000, 2005) and Ávila et al. (1998) |
Pinctada radiata Linnaeus (1758) | Introduced. This is an Indo–Pacific species that has invaded the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal | It was first found attached to a ball-float, nearby Faial and was also reported to Vila Franca do Campo (São Miguel island) (Ávila et al. 2000) | Indo–Pacific (Poppe and Goto 1991) | ||
Truncatella subcylindrica Linnaeus (1758) | 1980 (Frias Martins personal communication) | Introduced. Recorded by Frias Martins (personal communication) for Terceira (1980, 2001) and Graciosa (1989) islands | Unknown but not deliberate | From the Channel coasts of Britain to the Mediterranean, the Black sea and the Canaries (Poppe and Goto 1991) | Ávila (2000) |
Arthropoda | |||||
Balanus eburneus Gould (1841) | 1997 (Southward 1998) | Introduced. Recorded in Faial island | Boat hulls or rafting | East coast of North America (Southward 1998) | |
Balanus trigonus Darwin (1854) | 1887 (Gruvel 1920) | Introduced. Faial, Graciosa, São Jorge, Santa Maria, São Miguel and Terceira islands | Boat hulls or rafting | Pacific and Indian oceans. Introduced in the Atlantic in 1860s by ships (Zullo 1992) | |
C. maenas (Linnaeus 1758) | 1857 (Drouët 1861) | Probably misidentified (Barrois 1888) | Atlantic Europe | Morton and Briton (2000) | |
Ligia italica Fabricius (1798) | 1887 (Barrois 1888) | Introduced | Ballast water | Mediterranean (Wirtz and Debelius 2003) | |
Ligia oceanica (Linnaeus 1767) | Prior to 1998 Morton et al. (1998) | Introduced | Ballast water | Western Atlantic | Morton and Briton (2000) |
Pilumnus spinifer (H. Milne Edwards 1834) | Prior to 2000 Morton and Briton (2000) | Cryptogenic | Shipborne (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | North Africa or Mediterranean | |
Plagusia depressa (Fabricius 1775) | 1901–1903 (Lenz and Strunk 1914) | Cryptogenic | Boat hull (Bouvier 1940) | Amphiatlantic | Morton and Briton (2000) |
Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius 1787) | Cryptogenic. Hayward and Ryland (1990) do not mention the natural range | Boat hull | Mediterranean | Morton and Briton (2000) | |
Tanais dulongi (Audouin 1826) | Cryptogenic. Hayward and Ryland (1990) do not mention the natural range | Marine fouling (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | Western Europe, Mediterranean, North and South America, Australia | ||
Tesseropora atlantica Newman and Ross (1977) | 1965 (Southward 1998) | Cryptogenic. Recorded in São Jorge and in São Miguel islands. Considered as relict species in the area according to Southward (1998) | Boat hull | Bermuda | |
Bryozoa | |||||
Bugula simplex Ryland (1960) | Cryptogenic | Marine fouling (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | Southern Britain (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | ||
Bugula stolonifera Hincks (1886) | Cryptogenic | Southern Britain (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | |||
Bugula cf. dentata (Lamouroux 1816) | 1997 | Cryptogenic. Recorded for Faial and Pico islands where it is relatively frequent on infralittoral rocky surfaces | Australasia | Tempera and de la Cuadra (unpublished data) | |
Phoronida | |||||
Phoronis hippocrepia Wright (1856) | 1991 (Wirtz and Martins 1993) | Introduced. All Azores islands (DOP Database) | Boat hulls or rafting | Widely distributed (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | Morton and Briton (2000) |
Phoronis psammophila Cori (1889) | Cryptogenic | Boat hulls or rafting | Brittany (France) (Hayward and Ryland 1990). Now cosmopolitan | ||
Phoronopsis harmeri Pixell (1912) | Prior to 2000 (Morton and Briton 2000) | Cryptogenic | Boat hulls or rafting | ||
Ascidiacea | |||||
Alloeocarpa loculosa Monniot C (1974) | Introduced (Monniot C 1974) | Boats (Monniot C 1974) | South Africa and New Zealand (Monniot C 1974) | Monniot and Monniot (1983) | |
Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas 1766) | Referred as “Botrylles” in 1971 by Monniot C (1974). Morton et al. (1998) refers as B. schlosseri | Introduced (Morton and Briton 2000). Flores and Terceira islands (DOP database) | Boat hulls or ballast water (Morton et al. 1998) | Norway to Mediterranean (Hayward and Ryland 1990) | |
Clavelina lepadiformis (Muller 1776) | 1971 (Monniot F 1974) | Introduced. From São Miguel (Monniot F 1974) it dispersed to Horta harbour and neighbourhood (Wirtz and Martins 1993) and now all the Azores, except Corvo (DOP Database). Colonies are small and scattered | Attached to boat hulls (Monniot and Monniot 1983; Morton et al. 1998) or ballast water (Morton et al. 1998) | Norway to Adriatic (Hayward and Ryland 1990; Turon et al. 2003) | Monniot C (1974), Wirtz and Martins (1993) and Morton and Briton (2000) |
C. oblonga Herdmann (1880) | 1971 (Monniot F 1974) | Introduced. Only in Faial (Monniot F 1974) and Pico (DOP Database). Possibly São Jorge as well due to proximity to these islands | Attached to yacht hulls (Wirtz 1995) | Monniot C (1974), Morton and Briton (2000) and Wirtz and Debelius (2003) | |
Cystodytes dellechiajei (Della Valle 1877) | 1969 (Monniot 1971) | Cryptogenic | Cosmopolitan (López-Legentil and Turon 2005) | Monniot F (1974), Morton et al. (1998) and Morton and Briton (2000) | |
D. corolla F Monniot (1975) | 1971 (Monniot F 1974) | Introduced. From Horta’s harbour (Monniot F 1974) to all the Azores (DOP Database) | Boat hulls (Monniot and Monniot 1983) or ballast water (Morton et al. 1998) | Caribbean (Wirtz 1995), Brazil to Bermuda (Wirtz and Debelius 2003) | |
Eudistoma angolanum Michaelsen (1914) | 1971 (Monniot F 1974) | Cryptogenic | Boat hulls or ballast water (Morton et al. 1998) | South Africa to Senegal (Monniot F 1974), Madeira and Azores (Wirtz 1995) | Morton et al. (1998) |
Molgula plana Monniot C (1971) | 1969 (Monniot 1971) | Cryptogenic. Recorded only for the harbour of Ponta Delgada (Monniot C 1974) | Boat hulls (Monniot and Monniot 1983) | Eastern North Atlantic | |
Polyclinum aurantium Milne-Edwards (1841) | 1971 (Monniot F 1974) | Introduced. Recorded only for the harbour of Ponta Delgada (Monniot F 1974) | Accidental importation (Monniot F 1974) | Europe (Monniot F 1974). | Monniot and Monniot (1983) |
Pyura tessellata (Forbes 1948) | 1969 (Monniot 1971) | Introduced. Recorded only for Terceira island (Monniot and Monniot 1983) | Boat hulls (Monniot and Monniot 1983) | Norway to Senegal and Mediterranean (Monniot C 1974) | |