Fig. 1
From: Parasites in the northern Wadden Sea: a conservative ecosystem component over 4 decades
Life cycles of typical parasites in the northern Wadden Sea. Trematodes utilize mainly gastropods as first intermediate hosts and a range of invertebrates and fish as second intermediate hosts. Final hosts are mostly birds but some parasites also use fish and marine mammals. Acanthocephalans utilize crustaceans as intermediate hosts and birds as final hosts. In some cases fish and marine mammals can also serve as final hosts