Sponge bioerosion accelerated by ocean acidification across species and latitudes?

Table 1 Summary of experimental settings, carbonate system parameters, nutrient levels, and sponge bioerosion figures of the baseline experiment with replicate sets A1, B1, and C1 (all present-day pCO₂)

Variable with [unit] or (scale)	A1	B1	C1
Variable with [unit] or (scale)	Present-day pCO₂	Present-day pCO₂	Present-day pCO₂
Temperature [°C]	14.98 ± 0.08	15.08 ± 0.03	15.14 ± 0.00
Salinity (PSS)	30.28 ± 0.04	30.37 ± 0.03	31.10 ± 0.02
pH (NBS scale)	8.01 ± 0.01	7.99 ± 0.02	8.07 ± 0.01
DIC [μmol kg⁻¹]	2,162.8 ± 12.3	2,179.1 ± 15.8	2,130.2 ± 18.2
TA [μmol kg⁻¹]	2,340.2 ± 8.1	2,350.1 ± 16.1	2,340.6 ± 14.9^c
pCO₂ [μatm]^a	469.5 ± 18.8	496.1 ± 27.6	403.1 ± 19.5
pH (total scale)^a	8.01 ± 0.01	7.99 ± 0.02	8.07 ± 0.01
HCO₃ ⁻ [μmol kg⁻¹]^a	2,007.7 ± 14.3	2,026.8 ± 16.3	1,957.3 ± 19.8
CO₃ ²⁻ [μmol kg⁻¹]^a	137.1 ± 3.0	133.3 ± 5.2	157.5 ± 3.4
Ω _Ar ^a	2.14 ± 0.05	2.08 ± 0.08	2.45 ± 0.05
Ω ^a_Ca	3.37 ± 0.07	3.27 ± 0.13	3.85 ± 0.08
Nitrate NO₃ [μmol l⁻¹]	3.73 ± 1.72^b	5.25 ± 3.25^b	9.12 ± 6.74
Nitrite NO₂ [μmol l⁻¹]	0.52 ± 0.65^b	0.18 ± 0.06^b	0.20 ± 0.05
Ammonium NH₄ [μmol l⁻¹]	1.30 ± 0.80^b	1.75 ± 1.17^b	5.10 ± 3.80
Phosphate PO₄ [μmol l⁻¹]	0.82 ± 0.11^b	0.91 ± 0.35^b	1.59 ± 0.66
Infested oyster surface area [cm²]	73.78 ± 9.65	79.73 ± 5.94	102.15 ± 4.49
Dissolved CaCO₃ [mg]	1.94 ± 0.48	1.84 ± 0.41	2.55 ± 0.96
Chemical bioerosion rate [kg m⁻²year⁻¹]	0.10 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.03

All values are given as total means across bioreactors ± standard deviation for the five replicates per treatment and 4 days of exposure
^aCarbonate system parameters computed with the software CO2SYS
^bMissing start values interpolated from blank 96 h values of A1 and B1
^cOne faulty TA value (extreme outlier) interpolated from 0 h and 48 h values

ISSN: 1438-3888