Amino acids
|
Spring
|
Summer
|
Autumn
|
Winter
|
---|
April
|
June
|
August
|
October
|
December
|
February
|
---|
Essential (EAA)
| | | | | | |
Threonine
|
2.54 ± 0.03a
|
2.83 ± 0.19a
|
2.79 ± 0.05a
|
2.66 ± 0.08a
|
2.64 ± 0.05a
|
2.84 ± 0.10a
|
Valine
|
2.15 ± 0.02a
|
2.38 ± 0.08b
|
2.30 ± 0.05ab
|
2.21 ± 0.11ab
|
2.13 ± 0.02a
|
2.36 ± 0.05b
|
Methionine
|
0.90 ± 0.02a
|
0.97 ± 0.19a
|
1.10 ± 0.06a
|
1.13 ± 0.15a
|
0.89 ± 0.07a
|
1.04 ± 0.05a
|
Isoleucine
|
1.94 ± 0.02a
|
2.20 ± 0.09b
|
2.17 ± 0.05bc
|
2.08 ± 0.09abc
|
1.99 ± 0.03ac
|
2.20 ± 0.07b
|
Leucine
|
3.49 ± 0.03a
|
4.16 ± 0.22b
|
4.08 ± 0.17bc
|
3.87 ± 0.24abc
|
3.64 ± 0.04ac
|
4.05 ± 0.18bc
|
Phenylalanine
|
1.85 ± 0.02a
|
2.06 ± 0.08bc
|
2.05 ± 0.05abc
|
1.90 ± 0.11abc
|
1.86 ± 0.01ab
|
2.10 ± 0.07c
|
Histidine
|
0.96 ± 0.01abc
|
1.02 ± 0.03bc
|
1.00 ± 0.04abc
|
0.93 ± 0.04ab
|
0.92 ± 0.02a
|
1.04 ± 0.03c
|
Lysine
|
3.64 ± 0.19ab
|
4.21 ± 0.08a
|
3.83 ± 0.36ab
|
3.59 ± 0.10b
|
3.46 ± 0.06b
|
3.98 ± 0.26ab
|
Arginine
|
3.71 ± 0.03ab
|
4.25 ± 0.05ab
|
4.54 ± 0.13a
|
4.01 ± 0.32ab
|
3.20 ± 0.04b
|
4.09 ± 0.56ab
|
∑EAA
|
21.19 ± 0.24ab
|
24.08 ± 0.68c
|
23.86 ± 1.04c
|
22.39 ± 1.28abc
|
20.73 ± 0.21a
|
23.70 ± 1.38bc
|
Non-essential (NEAA)
| | | | | | |
Aspartic acid
|
4.78 ± 0.06a
|
5.58 ± 0.29ab
|
5.78 ± 0.16b
|
5.34 ± 0.32ab
|
4.96 ± 0.03ab
|
5.56 ± 0.27ab
|
Tyrosine
|
1.70 ± 0.01a
|
1.94 ± 0.08b
|
1.94 ± 0.06b
|
1.82 ± 0.11ab
|
1.73 ± 0.01a
|
1.96 ± 0.05b
|
Serine
|
2.41 ± 0.01ab
|
2.59 ± 0.05a
|
2.50 ± 0.09ab
|
2.35 ± 0.15ab
|
2.31 ± 0.01b
|
2.50 ± 0.08ab
|
Glutamic acid
|
7.12 ± 0.09a
|
8.58 ± 0.43bc
|
8.67 ± 0.30c
|
8.17 ± 0.48abc
|
7.46 ± 0.09ab
|
8.21 ± 0.54abc
|
Glycine
|
5.17 ± 0.10ab
|
5.87 ± 0.30bc
|
6.11 ± 0.22c
|
5.83 ± 0.38bc
|
4.86 ± 0.03bd
|
4.23 ± 0.19d
|
Alanine
|
3.71 ± 0.06ab
|
4.01 ± 0.17b
|
3.57 ± 0.11a
|
3.42 ± 0.13ac
|
3.05 ± 0.04c
|
3.34 ± 0.23ac
|
Proline
|
1.82 ± 0.04ab
|
2.02 ± 0.07ab
|
1.98 ± 0.07ab
|
1.77 ± 0.14a
|
1.83 ± 0.05ab
|
2.04 ± 0.14b
|
∑NEAA
|
26.72 ± 0.31a
|
30.59 ± 1.26b
|
30.56 ± 1.00b
|
28.73 ± 1.83ab
|
26.21 ± 0.12a
|
27.84 ± 1.63ab
|
∑AA
|
47.91 ± 0.18a
|
54.67 ± 1.83b
|
54.42 ± 2.04b
|
51.11 ± 3.08ab
|
46.94 ± 0.31a
|
51.53 ± 2.99ab
|
- Different superscript letters within rows represent significant differences (P < 0.05) and should be interpreted in the following exemplificative manner: a not ≠ a, a ≠ b, a ≠ c; ab ≠ cd, a not ≠ ab, ab not ≠ bc
- Values are means of triplicate samples (+SD). Amino acid essentiality was defined based on Knauer and Southgate (1999)