Appendix 1. Foraminiferal reference list and taxonomic notes
Taxonomy of benthic foraminifera identified in this study. Genera and species are listed in alphabetical order. The type references were retrieved from the Ellis and Messina [102] catalogue. Emphasis was given to publications on North Sea foraminifera for species determination. Papers on genetic-morphological investigations of Ammonia and Elphidium species were also considered. If possible, at least one reference to a high-quality image in a recent publication is provided for each species.
Ammonia aberdoveyensis Haynes 1973 [103], p. 184, fig. 38, nos. 1–7, pl. 18, fig. 15. “Ammonia beccarii var. aberdoveyensis” [104], p. 56, fig. 18., nos. A–C. Horton and Edwards [5], p. 70, pl. 3, figs. 10a–c. “Ammonia sp. T2” Bird et al. [88], p. 19, fig. 2., nos. CK02, CK28, CK69, LK74. Note: most specimens are dull and corroded, and the last chamber is often missing. The spiral side of the biconvex test is shallow conical, the sutures are oblique and slightly raised. The straight sutures on the umbilical side show narrow incisions close to the umbilicus where the chamber extensions are raised and thickened. A small umbilical knob is present in many specimens giving the umbilical area a stellate appearance. Our specimens from Japsand are very similar to the T2b cryptic species of [88], while this genotype has not been recorded in the North Sea to date. The umbilical area of our specimens is similar to Ammonia catesbyana [105] reported from the southern North Sea by Langer et al. [90], even though the spiral side of the latter is rather flat than conical, and their outline is lobate rather than as smooth as in A. aberdoveyensis.
Ammonia batava (Hofker) = Streblus batavus Hofker 1951 [106], p. 498, figs. 335, 340, 341. “Streblus batavus” Haake [71], p. 52, pl. 6, figs. 6–12. Langer et al. [90], p. 90, pl. 1, figs. 8–13. Schönfeld et al. [55], fig. 2a, pl. 1, figs. 1–3, 14–17, 31–34. Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. 15, 16. Note: the species is common in the North Sea. Their test is compressed biconvex. The last chambers are inflated in adult specimens and may be separated by a fissure from the penultimate whorl where the sutures are raised on the spiral side. A distinct umbilical knob is surrounded by thickened and pointed chamber extensions, which is a diagnostic character of this species. The genotype T3S has been assigned to A. batava by Bird et al. [88].
Ammonia tepida (Cushman) = Rotalia beccarii var. tepida Cushman 1926 [107], p. 79, pl. 1. Hayward et al. [108] p. 353, pl. 1, figs. 1–8. Hayward et al. [109], p. 264, pl. 2–4, fig. T. “Ammonia beccarii” Polovodova et al. [50], p. 141, pl. 1, figs. 1–4. “Phylotype T6” Richirt et al. [110], fig. 7, no. Ai052. Note: the specimens from Japsand show morphological features of both, T1 and T6 genotypes, in particular raised or flush sutures, a narrow or wide umbilicus. These features are not developed in a consistent manner in that a secure distinction between both varieties would be possible. Therefore, the species name Ammonia aomoriensis [111], which has been used for T6 [112], cannot be applied here [88]. The pore size is, however, diagnostic for a morphological distinction of T1 and T6 genotypes [110], p. 85]. This feature cannot be resolved by light microscopy, and not every specimen can be examined under the SEM. As the Japsand specimens are morphologically in reasonable good agreement with A. tepida locotypes, we keep with this more generally used species name [e.g., 113, p. 295].
Ammoscalaria runiana (Heron-Allen and Earland) = Haplophragmium runiana Heron-Allen and Earland 1916 [114], p. 224, pl. 40, figs. 15–18. Kripner [115], p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 1–15. Lutze [52], p. 91, pl. 11, figs. 1–18, pl. 15, figs. 18–20. Murray and Alve [116], p. 25, fig. 15, nos. 2–5. Nordberg et al. [12], pl. 1, fig. j. Note: the chambers are rather indistinct and they rapidly increase in diameter, leaving the central area depressed. A detachment of the last chambers was only observed in one specimen from Japsand.
Bolivina earlandi Parr 1950 [117], p. 339. Gabel [7], pl. 14, figs. 32, 33. “Brizalina earlandi” Küppers [70], p. 129, pl. 5, figs. 13a, b. Note: Despite the findings of Gabel [7] and Küppers [70], Bolivina earlandi was not recorded in the North Sea, Channel and adjacent northeastern Atlantic northward of Ria de Vigo, Spain [118]. The species was particularly reported from cold seep sediments and oil production sites [119,120,121].
Bolivina pseudoplicata Heron-Allen and Earland 1930 [122], p. 81, pl. 3, figs. 36–40. Gabel [7], pl. 14, figs. 38, 39. Küppers [70], p. 125, pl. 5, figs. 8–11. Murray [123], p. 19, fig. 5, no. 17.
Bolivina pseudopunctata Höglund 1947 [124], p. 273, pl. 24, fig. 5, pl. 32, figs. 23, 24. Hofker [125], p. 241, pl. 4, fig. 24. “Brizalina pseudopunctata” Küppers [70], p. 130, pl. 5, fig. 14. “Bolivinella pseudopunctata” Gustafsson and Nordberg [126], p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 3. Note: the specimens from Helgoland harbour are smaller than those from Gullmar fjord. The twisted, irregular shape and coarse pores at the lower part of the chamber walls discriminate this taxon from other Bolivina species [127].
Buccella frigida (Cushman) = Pulvinulina frigida Cushman 1922 [128], p. 12, fig. 144. Haake [71], p. 44, pl. 4, figs. 3–6. Feyling-Hansen et al. [129], p. 253, pl. 8, figs. 12–14. Schroeder-Adams et al. [130], p. 24, pl. 8, figs. 10,11.
Buliminella elegantissima (d’Orbigny) = Bulimina elegantissima d’Orbigny 1839 [105], p. 51, pl. 7, figs. 13, 14. Haake [71], p. 34, pl. 2, figs. 1, 2. Murray [104], p. 41, fig. 11, nos. K, L. “Buliminella borealis” Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, no. 10. Note: Haynes [103] recognised a difference between a spruce-cone shaped North Atlantic and a spindle-shaped Pacific morphotype. The latter is resembling d’Orbigny’s [105] species concept. Buliminella borealis was consequently established as new species confined to the Atlantic realm. However, specimens from the Peruvian Oxygen Minimum Zone [e.g., 131, fig. 12.17], are almost identical in shape to the holotype of B. borealis from Caernavon Bay, Wales. Furthermore, Haake [71] recognised both end member morphologies in the same population on tidal flats off Langeoog, southern North Sea. We therefore consider B. borealis as junior synonym of Buliminella elegantissima.
Cassidulina laevigata d’Orbigny 1826 [132], p. 282, pl. 15, figs. 4, 5. Feyling-Hansen et al. [129], p. 246, pl. 7, figs. 20,21, pl. 18, fig. 12. Schiebel [127], p. 39, pl. 2, fig. 11. Murray [123], p. 21, fig. 6, nos. 8–10.
Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) = Nautilus lobatulus Walker and Jacob 1798 [133], p. 642, pl. 14, fig. 36. Haynes [103], p. 173, pl. 20, figs. 1–2, fig. 35, nos. 4–10. Horton and Edwards [5], p. 72, pl. 3, figs. 14a–c. Küppers [70], p. 152, pl. 7, figs. 1–3.
Eggerelloides scaber (Williamson) = Bulimina scabra Williamson 1858 [134], p. 65, pl. 5, figs. 136, 137. “Eggerella scabra” Jarke [8], p. 27, pl. 1, figs. 5a–c. “Eggerelloides scabrum” Haynes [103], p. 44, pl. 2, figs. 7, 8, pl. 19, figs. 10, 11, fig. 8, nos.1–4. “Eggerella scabra” de Nooijer [51], pl. 2, fig. B. Note: Eggerelloides scaber is common in the southern North Sea [8], at depths below 20 m [cf. 135], and where the salinity is higher than 24 units during most of the year [67].
Elphidium albiumbilicatum (Weiss) = Nonion pauciloculum Cushman subsp. albiumbilicatum Weiss 1954 [136], p. 157, pl. 32, figs. 1, 2. “Nonion depressulum forma asterotuberculatum” Haake [71], p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 5. “Cribrononion asklundi” Lutze [52], p. 104, pl. 15, fig. 42. Alve and Murray [75], p. 191, pl. 1, figs. 12, 13. Polovodova et al. [50], p. 141, pl. 1, figs. 17–19. Note: a few, faint bundles of pustules forming chamber projections are bridging the sutures between later chambers. The sutures are markedly curved and incised until close to the margin, whereas the sutural depressions of Haynesina orbicularis are rather straight and terminate in the middle of the chambers. The similar species Elphidium magellanicum Heron-Allen and Earland [137] shows commonly five instead of seven to eight chambers as in E. albiumbilicatum. Their tests are more compressed that in the latter species.
Elphidium clavatum Cushman = Elphidium incertum var. clavatum Cushman 1930 [138], p. 20, pl. 7, fig. 10. “Cribrononion excavatum clavatum” Lutze [52], p. 96, pl. 15, figs. 40, 41. “Elphidium excavatum forma clavata” Miller et al. [139], p. 124, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, pl. 2, figs. 3–8, pl. 3, figs. 3–8, pl. 4, figs. 1–6, pl. 5, figs. 4–8, pl. 6, figs. 1–5. “Elphidium excavatum clavatum” Schönfeld and Numberger [21], p. 57, pl. 1, figs. 7–9. Darling et al. [140], p. 16, fig. 3-F, no. S4. Note: the circular structure of chamber projections and a knob in the umbilicus is diagnostic for this stout Elphidium. The higher thickness/diameter ratio of ca. 0.5–0.6 discriminates it from Elphidium excavatum [141], which is with ca. 0.4–0.5 slightly more compressed [52]. Both taxa were considered as subspecies based on their different habitats and distribution pattern in the western Baltic Sea [22]. This view has been corroborated by genetic investigations [112]. The dissimilarity to other Elphidium genotypes even justifies the consideration of E. clavatum as individual species [140], which is followed herein.
Elphidium gerthi van Voorthuysen 1957 [142], p. 32, pl. 23, fig. 12. Haake [71], p. 46, pl. 5, fig. 10. “Cribrononion cf. gerthi” Kripner [115], p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 21–24. Feyling-Hansen et al. [129], p. 274, pl. 11, fig. 14. Nikulina et al. [143], p. 46, pl. 1, figs. 16, 17. Note: the small size, numerous chambers and dense sutural pits, and an umbilical boss or a depression with glossy calcite are diagnostic for this species.
Elphidium incertum (Williamson) = Polystomella umbilicatula var. incerta Williamson 1858 [134], p. 44, pl. 3, fig. 82a. “Cribrononion incertum” Lutze [52], p. 103, pl. 21, figs. 43–44. Haynes [103], p. 199, pl. 22, fig. 6, pl. 24, figs. 14–16, pl. 28, figs. 8, 9. Horton and Edwards [5], p. 76, pl. 4, figs. 18 a, b. Darling et al. [140], p. 17, fig. 3/B, no. S6. Schönfeld [35], p. 388, pl. 1, figs. 1–3, 6–15. Note: the test is rather compressed and shows narrow sutural furrows that are bridged by a few bundles of pustules commonly recognised as chamber extensions. Thereby, they create elongated, slit-like sutural pits. The chamber projections form a circular, shield-alike structure around the umbilicus. Both features are diagnostic for E. incertum.
Elphidium margaritaceum (Cushman) = Elphidium advenum (Cushman) var. margaritaceum Cushman 1930 [138], p. 25, pl. 10, figs. 3a, 3b. Haake [71], p. 49, pl. 5, fig. 11. van Voorthuysen [144], p. 45, pl. 4, figs. 7a, b. Küppers [70], p. 195, pl. 9, figs. 4, 5.
Elphidium oceanensis d’Orbigny = Polystomella oceanensis d'Orbigny 1826 [132], p. 285, no. 8. “Elphidium gunteri” Haake [71], p. 48, pl. 5, figs. 3, 4. “Elphidium gunteri” Richter [145], p. 345, fig. 7. Alve and Murray [75], p. 190, pl. 1, figs. 14, 15. Austin [146], fig. 6.12 no. 5. Camacho et al. [147], p. 27, fig. 5, nos. 19–21. “Elphidium oceanense” Darling et al. [140], p. 20, fig. 3/F, no. S3. Note: Elphidium gunteri Cole [148] is considered a junior synonym of E. oceanensis [104], p. 52].
Elphidium selseyense (Heron-Allen and Earland) = Polystomella striatopunctata var. selseyensis Heron-Allen and Earland 1911 [149], p. 448. Haake [71], p. 49, pl. 5, fig. 15, pl. 6, fig. 1–5 (pars). Hofker [125], p. 257, pl. 8, figs. 8, 9, pl. 9, fig. 1. “Elphidium excavatum selseyense” Langer et al. [90], p. 90, pl. 2, figs. 19–21. “Elphidium excavatum” Müller Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. 17–19. Darling et al. [140], p. 17, fig. 3/F, no. S5. Note: The test is flat, the outline lobate and the chambers are inflated. The sutures are curved backwards and show a few septal bars on later chambers. The depressed umbilical area is covered with pustules and granules. Elphidium selseyense has been considered as one of five ecophenotypes of Elphidium excavatum [141], which is linked to the other formae in an intergradational series [139]. None-the-less, distinct distributional patterns provided evidence for a discrimination of these formae on subspecies or species level [e.g., 145, p. 352 ff.]. While E. selseyense is frequent on near shore sands, the genuine E. excavatum is found at greater depths in the North Sea [55, 70]. The latter species shows no granules in the umbilical area but thin, pointed chamber extensions [150].
Elphidium voorthuyseni Haake 1962 [71], p. 50, pl. 5, figs. 6, 7. “Elphidium sp.” Darling et al. [140], p. 18, fig. 3/B, no. S14. Note: The test shows 8–10 chambers and is very flat, the outline is almost smooth. The sutures are slightly curved and sharply turning backwards close to the margin. They show 3–5 sutural pits that are very small and indistinct. The umbilicus is almost closed and surrounded by cuspid chamber projections. Haynes [103] examined locotypic specimens and did not recognise a distinctive difference to E. incertum, even though the latter is characterised by slit-like sutural openings and a shielded umbilicus. The very similar and yet formally undescribed Elphidium sp. was only recorded around Scotland and assigned to genotype S14 [140].
Elphidium waddense van Voorthuysen 1951 [151], p. 25, pl. 2, figs. 16a, b. “Elphidium selseyense” Haake [71], pl. 5, figs. 12–14 (pars, “Extremform 1”). Haynes [103], p. 206, pl. 24, figs. 4, 10. Hofker [125], p. 259, pl. 9, fig. 6. “Elphidium excavatum forma selseyensis” Küppers [70], p. 186, pl. 8, figs. 10a, b. Note: This species has been confused with E. selseyense in the literature, though the tests are rather discoidal than flat with a depressed umbilicus. They are generally smaller than E. selseyense, the sutures are less curved and less depressed, the umbilical area shows either a glassy boss or numerous small granules. The umbilical area and earlier chambers often appear rough or frosty. It has to be noted that SEM images of Elphidium lidoense Cushman [152], applied to genotype S13 [140], depict an umbilical structure very similar to E. waddense but show no septal bars as the latter.
Elphidium williamsoni Haynes 1973 [103], p. 207, pl. 27, fig. 7, pl. 25, figs. 6, 9, pl. 27, figs. 1–3. “Elphidium excavatum” Haake [71], p. 47, pl. 5, fig. 5. “Elphidium excavatum “ Richter [145], p. 345, figs. 3, 4. “Cribrononion cf. alvarezianum” Lutze [52], p. 101, pl. 15, fig. 46. Langer et al. [90], p. 90, pl. 2, figs. 22–25. Darling et al. [140], fig. 3/A, no. S1. Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. 20, 21. Roberts et al. [153], p. 8, fig. 2, nos. A-F. Note: Roberts et al. [153] studied and sequenced type specimens and topotypic material as well as syntype specimens of Polystomella umbilicatula Walker and Jacob [133]. Even though the assemblage from the type locality showed a wide morphological variety, a particular combination of morphological characters allowed a secure discernation from the co-occurring E. clavatum and E. selseyense. Genotype S1 has been assigned to E. williamsoni by Darling et al. [140].
Fissurina lucida (Williamson) = Entosolenia marginata var. lucida Williamson 1848 [154], p. 17, pl. 2, fig. 17. Haake [71], p. 38, pl. 2, figs. 11, 12. Hofker [125], p. 239, pl. 4, fig. 17. Gabel [7], pl. 15, figs. 34, 35. Note: Küppers [70] recognised a continuous range of variability between F. lucida and Fissurina laevigata Reuss [155] morphotypes and therefore considered the latter as variant of F. lucida. Specimens from tidal flats are about half the size as specimens from deeper waters in the North Sea.
Haynesina depressula (Walker & Jacob) = Nautilus depressulus Walker and Jacob 1798 [133], p. 641, pl. 14, fig. 33. “Nonion umbilicatulum” Haake [71], p. 41, pl. 3, figs. 3, 4. “Nonion depressulus” Haynes [103], p. 209, pl. 22, figs. 8–11, pl. 29, fig. 9, fig. 44, nos. 1–3. “Nonion depressulus” Horton and Edwards [5], pl. 4, figs. 22a, b. “Nonion depressulum” Hofker [125], p. 254, pl. 8, fig. 3. Darling et al. [140], p. 21, fig. 3/G, no. S17. Note: The tests of H. depressula are rather compressed, the margin is acute rather than broadly rounded as in Haynesina germanica [156], and the depressed umbilical area is covered with small granules. The species has been assigned to Haynesina by Banner and Culver [157] due to its possession of short, intercameral lacunae. Genetic data group H. depressula specimens to a separate clade G, with a marked difference to another clade C with H. germanica [140]. Therefore, the genus Haynesina could be polyphyletic.
Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg) = Nonionina germanica Ehrenberg 1840 [158], p. 23. “Nonionina germanica” Ehrenberg [156], pl. 2, figs. 1a–g. “Nonion depressulum” Haake [71], p. 40, pl. 3, figs. 1, 2. “Protelphidium anglicum” Haynes [103], p. 216, pl. 22, figs. 15, 16, pl. 23, figs. 1, 2, pl. 27, figs. 6–9. Langer et al. [90], p. 90, pl. 2, figs. 14–18. 12–14. Darling et al. [140], p. 21, fig. 3/C, no. S16. Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. Note: The shape is highly variable. Most tests are planspiral involute, some are evolute [e.g., 145, fig. 1]. The umbilicus is depressed or shows an umbilical boss on both sides, which is created by earlier chambers [e.g., 4, fig. 3 no. 13] and oblique coiling [e.g., 35, pl. 1, fig. 23]. Later chambers may be slightly inflated or flush. Minute pustules cover the umbilicus, extend into the intercameral lacunae [e.g., 4, fig. 3 no. 12], and may cover the apertural face of the final chamber [159].
Haynesina orbicularis (Brady) = Nonionina orbiculare Brady 1881 [160], p. 415, pl. 21, fig. 5. “Protelphidium orbiculare” Feyling-Hanssen et al. [129], p. 289, pl. 14, figs. 8–11, pl. 24, figs. 6–8. Schröder-Adams et al. [130], p. 32, pl. 8, fig. 9. Pillet et al. [161], p. 13, pl. 1, figs. E–H., Lübbers and Schönfeld [56], pl. 2, figs. 4a–c. Note: the specimens from Japsand are rather small, thin-shelled, and much thicker than H. germanica in the same samples. The last whorl shows 4–6 instead of 8–11 chambers as in H. germanica. The inflated chambers rapidly increase in size as added [e.g., 56, pl. 2, fig. 4b]. The umbilical area and sutural depressions are covered by small pustules [e.g., 161, pl. 1 fig. F]. This feature, and the low number of chambers is also recognised in Elphidium magellanicum Heron-Allen and Earland [137] but their tests are much more compressed than H. orbicularis.
Hopkinsina pacifica Cushman 1933 [162], p. 86, pl. 8, fig. 16. “Spiroloxostoma sp.”—Moodley [163], p. 60, pl. 1, figs. 1–3. Alve and Murray [69], pl. 2, fig. 10. “Hopkinsina atlantica” Debenay et al. [140], pl. 4, fig. 14. de Nooijer [51], pl. 1, fig. J. Note: Cushman [164] introduced a new, atlantica variety of Hopkinsina pacifica by the disjunct distribution of tropical Pacific and Atlantic New England coast, and because the Atlantic specimens showed smaller, twisted and compressed tests with more oblique sutures. In the living assemblage from the North Sea off Helgoland [55], any transitions between twisted and compressed tests with oblique sutures and more cylindrical tests with straight sutures were recognised. The cylindrical tests were even smaller than the compressed tests. We therefore consider the atlantica variety of cylindrical specimens with straight sutures as an endmember in the range of morphological variability of H. pacifica.
Jadammina macrescens (Brady) = Trochammina inflata var. macrescens Brady 1870 [165], p. 290, pl. 11, figs. 5a–c. “Jadammina polystoma” Haake [71], p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 7–9. Lehmann [6], p. 133, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2. Horton and Edwards [5], p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 4. Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. 4, 5. Note: The compressed test, supplementary, tubular apertures on the areal face, the smooth test wall, in which planar agglutinated grains flush with the surface, the almost closed umbilicus and comparatively long, later chambers discriminate this species from Balticammina pseudomacrescens Brönnimann, Lutze and Whittaker [166] or Trochamminita irregularis Cushman and Brönnimann [167].
Labrospira jeffreysii (Williamson) = Nonionina jeffreysii Williamson 1858 [134], p. 34, pl. 3, figs. 72, 73. Höglund [124], p.146, pl. 11, fig. 3. “Cribrostomoides jeffreysi” Küppers [70], p. 40, pl. 2, fig. 3. “Cribrostomoides jeffreysii” Murray [123], p. 11, fig. 2, no. 5.
Morulaeplecta bulbosa Höglund 1947 [124], p. 165, pl. 12, fig. 2, text-figs. 142a, b. Murray [123], p. 13, fig. 3, nos. 4, 5. Note: The specimens are very small and the test wall is rather fragile. Fragments may easily be mixed with Textularia earlandi Parker [168]. Therefore, this species is probably scarcely recorded.
Nonion pauperatus (Balkwill and Wright) = Nonionina pauperata Balkwill and Wright 1885 [169], p. 353, pl. 13, figs. 25, 26. “Nonion pauperatum” Haake [71], p. 42, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7. “Nonion pauperatum” Gabel [7], pl. 12, figs. 14, 15. “Nonion (Florilus) pauperatum” Haynes [103], pl. 22, figs. 13, 14, pl. 23, fig. 4, fig. 44, nos. 4–7. Murray [123], p. 24, fig. 9, no. 1.
Nonionella crassesuturalis van Voorthuysen 1958 [170], p. 23. Hofker [125], p. 254, pl. 8, fig. 2. Note: The specimens from Japsand are only half the size as those reported from the Netherlands.
Paratrochammina (Lepidoparatrochammina) haynesi (Atkinson) = Trochammina haynesi Atkinson 1969 [171], p. 529, pl. 6, figs. 1a–c. “Trochammina haynesi” Haynes [103], p. 35, fig. 6. Murray and Alve [31], p. 26, fig. 15, nos. 13, 14. Dorst and Schönfeld [172], p. 173, fig. 2, no. 1, fig. 9, no. 5, fig. 10, no. 4.
Patellina corrugata Williamson 1858 [134], p. 46, pl. 3, figs. 86–89. Haake [71], p. 43, pl. 3, fig. 9. Küppers [70], p. 83, pl. 4, figs. 5a–c. Murray [123], p. 24, fig. 9, nos. 6, 7.
Planorbulina mediterranensis d’Orbigny 1826 [132], p. 280, pl. 14, figs. 4–6. Jarke [8], pl. 4, figs. 1a–c. Küppers [70], p. 155, pl. 7, fig. 6. Murray [123], p. 24, fig. 9, no. 8. Mendes [173], p. 193, pl. 4, figs. 1a–j. Note: The specimens from Japsand are very small and depict the early ontogenetic phase [e.g., 173, plate 4, fig. 1d–f].
Quinqueloculina seminulum (Linné) = Serpula seminulum Linné 1758 [174], p. 786. “Quinqueloculina seminula” Jarke [8], p. 27, pl. 1, fig. 6. Hofker [125], p. 234, pl. 3, fig. 3. “Quinqueloculina sp.” de Nooijer [51], pl. 1, fig. L. Note: This species is abundant in the southern North Sea at salinities of > 24 permil [8, 125]. The elongated elliptical and triangular shape, and the rounded chambers with thick walls discriminate Q. seminulum from other Quinqueloculina species.
Stainforthia fusiformis (Williamson) = Bulimina pupoides d'Orbigny var. fusiformis Williamson 1858 [134], p. 63, pl. 5, figs. 129–130. Gooday and Alve [175], figs. 3, 4, pl. 1, figs. H–L, pl. 3, figs. A–J. Alve [176], fig. 1.
Trochammina inflata (Montagu) = Nautilus inflatus Montagu 1808 [177], p. 81, pl. 18, fig. 3. Richter [145], p. 346, fig. 6. Horton and Edwards [5], p. 69, pl. 2, fig. 8a–d. Lehmann [6], p. 141, pl. 4, figs. 10, 11. Müller-Navarra et al. [4], p. 74, fig. 3, nos. 4, 5.